The Other Side Of Heroin Addiction - 2172 Words

The Other Side of Heroin Addiction During the 2000s, heroin use and overdoses became a national threat. In 2012, 669,000 Americans said they had used heroin in the past year (NIDA 2). Use of heroin has risen immensely since 2007 and is becoming widespread in suburban areas especially. Heroin is most commonly used among middle to upper class white males aged 18 to 25 (Hunter). Heroin related deaths are not just in America either. In 2008, four out of five drug related crimes in Europe were linked to heroin (Heroin Statistics 1). Heroin creates further problems such as abuse of prescription drugs and the spread of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C from sharing infected needles (NIDA 5). All of these diseases can be spread through blood or†¦show more content†¦This causes the feeling of intense satisfaction heroin delivers. When an individual uses heroin, they experience a heightened version of this feeling. At first, heroin triggers an abnormally large amount of dopamine to be released in the brain (6). However, o ver time, the drug triggers less dopamine to be released. So to maintain the same feeling as the first time, heroin users have to take more and more to achieve the same high. The body’s intense physical craving for heroin makes withdrawal an incredibly difficult and painful process to go through (4). Society has long held a simplified view of addiction: the more someone performs an action, the more they become addicted. In the 1960s, researchers conducted the â€Å"Skinner Box Experiment† to test the effects of addiction and certain drugs. The researches placed a single rat in a small cage and gave it two bottles of water, one plain water and the other laced with heroin (Alexander 3). They wanted to see what effect heroin had on the rat and whether the rat would become addicted. In each experiment the rat became addicted to the heroin water, overdosed, and died (3). The researchers concluded that addiction comes from repeated use of an addictive substance. In 2010, Dr. Bruce Alexander, a Canadian scientist, made an intriguing observation about the famous experiment. He noticed thatShow MoreRelatedFighting The War On Heroin1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe War on Heroin Drug addiction is one of the many problems that is prevalent world-wide. An even bigger uphill battle that comes with drug addiction is the ethics behind rehabilitation and treatment. Heroin is one of the most controversial illicit drugs in regards to its use and its treatment. Treatments such as methadone maintenance, LAAM(Levomethadyl acetate) and naltrexone have definitely raised questions in terms of their effectiveness in combatting heroin/opiate addiction. This essayRead Morenegative impact of drugs1264 Words   |  6 Pageseffects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and prescription pain relievers encompass negative effects on users and his or her family members physically and mentally, however there are various treatment options for the drug or drugs abused. In 2003, 7.1% of Americans aged 12 or older were classified as current substance abusers. Statistically significant increases in the use of heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and pain relievers were reported from 2000 to 2001Read MoreThe Center Of Disease Control And Prevention States, â€Å"From1619 Words   |  7 Pagesstates, â€Å"from 2014 to 2015, heroin overdose death rates increased by 20.6%, with nearly 13,000 people dying in 2015.† Overdosing on opioids has drastically increased over the past few years and has caused many deaths. Throughout the United States, many different cases are reported of individuals who have abused these dangerous opioid drugs. Heroin is known as one of the most common opioid drugs which leads people to addiction and can consequently lead to overdosing. Using heroin on a daily base or takingRead MoreThe Use Of Mind Altering Substances Has Been About Since1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthat this is not the case. Neither the substances nor the ways the y affect the human body have changed throughout human history. Nor the reason why people indulge in the consumption of illegal substances.   People abuse drugs to relieve stress, manage other illnesses and receive a high.   Depending on the drug of choice, the toll it takes on the human body differs. Furthermore, injection choice, also plays a factor on how the body is affected. For example,   through injection into the bloodstream more immediateRead MoreDrugs Are A Problem Of Drugs Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesand our children. According to Goldberg (2016), a major hardcore drug that is used in most colleges is cocaine. Cocaine is an interesting drug it has two different forms. There is the powdered version of it known as â€Å"Blow or Coke,† and there is the other version, which is even worse than the powdered version, crack known as â€Å"Crack or Rock.† College students are prone to encounter powdered cocaine, to be highly illegal, it gets around pretty easily. An average of 14% of adults have tried cocaine. OneRead MoreIllegal Drug Addiction : Effects On The Body1538 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Drug Addiction the effects on the body How do people become addicted to illegal drugs? Here’s how: Put aside the fact that it’s an illegal drug for a few minutes and let’s focus on the chemistry side of things. The moment when a person takes that first snort, puff, and shot trillions of potent chemical molecules surges through one’s bloodstream and gets into a person’s brain cells. Once in the brain they set off a cascade of chemicals and electrical nerves inside the brain, which increasesRead MorePrescribing Drugs1711 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of easily abused pain relievers. Those who already became addicted to opioids and other drugs needed to obtain the drug in any way possible in order to satisfy their addiction. As mentioned by Manchikanti and Singh, people turned to doing heroine since it is the same type of opioid drug as the prescription medications they were abusing (2008). Another possible causation of the recent increase in heroin users is the fact that pharmacies making it harder for painkillers to be abused. AccordingRead MoreHeroin Addict : An Addictive Opiate1288 Words   |  6 PagesHeroin, an addictive opiate, is the utmost hazardous drugs present in the universe. It conveys numerous possible dangers, including psychological, physical, and social measures for the one who consumes the drug. In a diary of heroin addict, Ben Rogers suffers from heroine and for the past two years, he recorded a video diary of his struggles and pains. He suffered from a 14-year heroine addiction and died at the age of 34. Due to a withdrawal of drugs, Ben died from a brain hemorrhage after reservingRead MorePain Killers Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesPainkillers Seen as a Gateway to Heroin† article illustrates the possibility that opiate prescriptions open the door to addictions such as heroin. Summary: The article starts with the role prescription opiates might play in encouraging patients to become a heroine addict. Last week Philip Seymour Hoffman died at 46 of an heroin overdose. His heroin addiction ended 20 years ago and as years passed he struggled with a habit involving painkillers. The heroin addict pre-1990s used heroin and experienced withdrawalRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Of Heroin By Scott Calvert990 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"fictional drugs,† along with amplifying the side effects of prescription drugs, it is crucial to critique what is actually true or not. Whether or not the drug’s effects are medically correct has been glanced over by many. Directed by Scott Calvert in 1995, the movie The Basketball Diaries focuses on the substance abuse of heroin by the main character, Jim. Jim, a high school all-star basketball player becomes addicted to heroin. He tries to hide his addiction, but it becomes quite prevalent when it

Sociology The Macro And Micro Perspective Of Looking At...

Adriana Velasco Modern Sociology Soc. 356 December 17, 2014 Sociology gives us the tool to understand our own lives and how we are interconnected with society. In order to correctly do sociology, you have to keep your mind open with certain ways of thinking. Like every other single theory out there, sociological theory is a selective theory is selective in terms of their priorities and perspectives and the data that is defined as significant. As a result of this way of thinking, they provide a partial and particular view of reality. There is a variation of sociological theories, and they can be put together according to various criteria. One of the very important group distinctions is the macro and micro perspective of looking at society. These are ways differ in the way that they approach the analysis of society. The macro perspective is perspective looks at structural part of society. On the other hand, the micro perspective looks at the social actions of people. Functionalism is an example of the macro perspective, it analyses the way soci ety as a whole fits together whereas symbolic interactionism is a micro perspective because it stresses the meaningfulness of human behavior and denies that it is primarily determined by the structure of society. There are two influential sociologists around the 1950s that talk about these two different perspectives, Talcott Parsons and Herbert Blumer. Talcott Parsons finalized his undergraduate studies in biology at the AmherstShow MoreRelatedTheoretical Perspectives Essay: . Sociology Is The Scientific990 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Perspectives Essay: Sociology is the scientific study of how humans and groups behave socially and how they, as a whole, change over time. Through the examination of the scientific side of sociology, the understanding of the social world can be shown more clearly. Within the study of sociology, there are two main branches: micro and macro. Micro sociology is looking at the individual and social interaction. Macro sociology focuses beyond social interaction and seeks to examine systemsRead MoreSociology And The Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1710 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is seen every day in our lives as humans, it is the scientific study of human behavior and society. The idea of sociology has not been around forever. The term sociology comes from a man named Auguste Comte who takes credit for this study. Not only did Comte come up with this idea but there were several things that influenced the study of Sociology and how we view it today. These influences are called the origins of sociolo gy and they include; new idea or discipline, Industrial RevolutionRead MoreIs There A Sociology Of Love?1046 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Can There Be A Sociology Of Love? The word love has different meanings depending on what context it is used in, sometimes it means having deep affection towards someone or something, love for but here I am going to try and answer the question, â€Å"Is there a sociology of love?†. In my essay I am going to discuss a sociology of love referring to the article of the study conducted by Gabb and Fink, in which they use multiple research methods relationships behaviours and personal lives. They haveRead MoreExample Of The Three Theoretical Perspectives Of Sociology1044 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Nanesha Greathouse HCC Abstract This paper describes the three major theoretical perspectives in Sociology: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory. Sociologists developed these theoretical perspectives to help explain the way individuals conduct themselves and to help us to gain a better understanding of the world around us. Throughout this paper, the reader will learn about each perspective and its origin as well as additionalRead MoreEssay on Social Theorists1569 Words   |  7 Pagesentangled within each theory itself. Theorists, by nature, create theories that can be debated from all angles but must be a tight fit in order to be considered applicable to society. Theology as a single entity is constructed from deep intellectual thought. When social theorist begin to develop there theoretical perspectives, they seem to have an overwhelming grasp on the concepts they try to convey to us. Since it is extremely difficult to have such a complete strong hold on social issues such asRead MoreA Stu dy Of Society And The Social Lives Of Each Individual1698 Words   |  7 PagesQ1. Sociology is the study of society and the social lives of each individual, group or society. Sociology uses patterns of social interactions, social culture and relationships to understand individual and group behaviours. The word sociology was used first by French philosopher, Auguste Comte (1798-1857). He believed that we could use the scientific method to study society in the same way as we use it to study other sciences.  Around the late 18th century into the 19th century, technology had begunRead MoreA Brief Note On Sociology And Sociology Class1524 Words   |  7 Pages After conducting five interviews, I found some similarities and differences on their views of what sociology is. I interviewed two females and three males. The ages from the interviewee’s ranged from 19 to 56. All of my respondent’s in this research were white. The five respondents had a different socioeconomic status. One of the respondents is still in school, and does not work at the moment, so I listed her as a low socioeconomic class. I interviewed both of my parents, and they are at a middleRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Stephanie Ann Tombline SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Jennifer Hudgins Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared byRead MoreThe Sociological Theories Of Sociology1198 Words   |  5 Pages1. What is Sociology and who was the founder of Sociology? When and how did Sociology emerge as a field of study? Sociology is study of the human society by observing and doing experiment. Sociology is mainly study in two ways; basic/pure and applied. Auguste Comte was the founder of sociology. Sociology was emerged as a field of study during the 1920s and 1930s. It becomes field of study because people started to observe a lot of things on a society such as: inequality, discrimination, poornessRead MoreThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman1305 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the ‘Symbolic Interactionist’ school of thought, as it analyses society at a micro level through people’s everyday actions and interactions from an outside perspective, contrasting to macro structural based theories. Goffman’s concept of dramaturgy overlaps with Mead’s ideas (1943), in that they both consider identity as being continually constructed through interaction. Rawls argues that dramaturgy is neither micro nor macro, because the theory of the presentation of the self is derived from

The Daughter Of A Commandment By Alexander Pusking

In the novel, â€Å"The Daughter of a Commandment† by Alexander Pusking, social classes play an important role in Russia. The author demonstrates, that social class played an important part on political leaders and the society. Pyort through, his involvement in war through battling in the military and courage to overcome obstacles.Pusking emphasizes the leadership through overcoming political leaders. Pugachev demonstrated through his actions that this was a nostalgic era of Tsarist Russia and the struggle with establishing social classes and equality in the social classes. Around 1907 in the Russian Revolution, I believe the author wanted to show us circumstances conveying the social classed events that Russia had like how the army was beloved because they were conquering other countries. The upper class was viewed as more important and that was why Masha could save Pyotr. Catherine the Great s preferential treatment of the nobility is portrayed; also, she wanted to expand R ussia to become more powerful. At one point Pugachev got angry; he rebelled against the Russian army. While Catherine did the same thing to destroy them. He wanted to make a change on the country right. Pugavech wanted to overthrow against Catherine to change the political system in Russian. Masha was the daughter and noble that Catherine the Great listened to. â€Å"And if he did not vindicate himself before the judges, it is because he did not wish me to be mixed up in the affair. It was when

Media Landscape in the World Free Essays

Media Landscape in the World The New Modern Media October 12, 2012 The New Modern Media Watching TV while having morning coffee, listening radio on the way to work, checking Facebook before work, tweeting in the lunch break, and googling information related to work; that is the way the new modern media has changed our lives. To understand the term modern media more, Debashis Aikat(n. d. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Landscape in the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now ), Associate Professor and Media Futurist, has come up with a definition, â€Å"Modern media refers to mass communication characteristic of recent times, or the contemporary communication relating to a recently developed or advanced technology(Aikat, n. . )† So that basically means that modern media is the media which is connected to new technologies. Nowadays that is so easy to access different kinds of modern media; however, this new type of media continuously excludes different groups of people. We are used to say that is so easy to access the internet. Just take your computer, tablet, or Smartphone and you are connected. Wait! How many people are not able to do that? To have the connection, the basic thing we need is electricity. We need to charge all of the devices in order to use them. According to a newspaper Arabia 2000, in the year 2011 about 20 percent of world’s population still lived without electricity(Arabia 2000, 2011). So these people are totally excluded from the modern media. Actually, the number is even bigger. Because electricity is just the basic thing we need. But there are people who have electricity, but they cannot afford the devices to be connected to internet. Some could argue that all kind of media cost, and old media is even more expensive because, for instance, newspapers do not have that much of information but cost almost a dollar a day. There is a difference if you have to pay a dollar whenever you decide to have a newspaper or you have to spend a few hundred dollars for device, and then you have to get the internet connection, and of course pay for electricity. Not only people with a low income are excluded from access to new media. Age and religion can be the reason why people stick to old media as well. If I ask my grandma to turn off my computer, she would get scared because she would see that computer is not connected to electricity but still works. She is used to see calculator which has to be connected to electricity. There are many older people who have no ideas how to use new devices. Martin Beckford(2011), the journalist of the news website â€Å"The Telegraph† in his article writes, â€Å"A charity report found that older people have trouble getting information about public services, such as details of libraries and public transport, because so much of it is kept online(Beckfors, 2011). † This article truly shows that because of the changes in media older people are isolated from the world. People could say that when the next generation gets old, that is not going to be a problem anymore. I do not agree with that. Technology changes even faster than people get older. These are the people who do not know how to use devices, but there are also people whose believes do not allow using new technology. For example, in some places in the world we can still find groups of people called Amish people. These people do not use new technologies at all. The reason is their religion and believes. It is not expensive to reach people by using media as long as they share the same characteristics. For example, that is not hard to get some information if you speak English, Russian, or French. But if information needs to be translated in the language which is not that popular, companies are not willing to spend money for that. So let’s look at the country called Latvia: small country with a few million people, and with their own language. Recently â€Å"The National Latvian News Agency LETA† posted the article about the findings of scientists’ group called â€Å"META-NET† which is made by 60 research centers in 34 countries. Findings showed that Latvian language with other 20 European languages are going to disappear because of the fact that new devices are not supporting these languages(LETA, 2012). That means that if you do not know other, more popular, language you cannot chose the Smartphone you want. Or you have to learn the language, but that takes time, and modern media is not waiting, it is already here. In brief, world is changing so does media. The new media allows to reach people in a very fast way, but there are still groups of people who would not get the message. It is connecting billions of people and the same time forgetting billions of people. After my research I strongly believe that my theses statement in proved, and the new modern media is excluding people with different languages, believes, ages, and financial levels. References Aikat D. , (n. d). Traditional and Modern Media. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Retrieved from: http://www. eolss. net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-33-02-04. pdf Beckford M. , (2011). Elderly People Isolated by Technological Advances. The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www. telegraph. co. uk/health/elderhealth/8867767/Elderly-people-isolated-by-technological-advances. html# Latviesu Valodai Draud â€Å"Digitala Izmirsana† [Latvian Language Is About to Disappear], (2012). Latvian National News Agency LETA. Retrieved from: http://www. tvnet. lv/tehnologijas/zinatnes/437469-latviesu_valodai_draud_digitala_izmirsana UN: 1. 6 billion People Still Have No Access to Electricity. (2011). Arabia 2000. Available from: Newspaper Source, Ipswich, MA. How to cite Media Landscape in the World, Essay examples

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving

Question: Discuss about theCritical Thinking and Problem Solving. Answer: Opinion on the Topic Knox and Van Oest (2014) describes that many people have the perception that customers are too demanding if they complain. However, from my experience I can say that if complaints are handled properly, it can be beneficial for the business. I think it is not possible for the managers to identify the faulty products with proper evidence and incidents occurring in the business and hence if customers complaints are welcome, not only the organizations aware of the faulty product but it provide the opportunity forservice recovery and improvements. I also think that listening to customers complaints would improve the inter-personal relationship with the customer, which will be difficult for the competitors to get to the existing customers and hence complaints should be treated like a gold mine for the betterment of the origination. Analysis of the Topic It is depicted from the give case study that the junior colleague is facing a hard time by listening what the customers says. However, I think that the junior colleague has to be trained properly for acknowledging customers complaint and must learn not to take the complaints personally. The person has to understand the whether the raised complaints is genuine and apologize for the inconvenience occurred and resolve the difficulty by offering a couple of alternative options thus follows a inductive reasoning approach. Image 1: Framework for Complaints Management System I strongly believe that all customers complaints are gold mines and their questions have to be handled in caring and concerned manner. The executive has to be put themselves in the same situation and apologize without blaming. If the complaints are not handled according to the framework, I think they will never get back to the organization, which will result in lower profitability for the origination. Reference Lists Knox, G. and Van Oest, R., 2014. Customer complaints and recovery effectiveness: A customer base approach.Journal of Marketing,78(5), pp.42-57. Bibliography Wagner, W., 2013. Managing customer complaints in distribution.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Yilmaz, C., Varnali, K. and Kasnakoglu, B.T., 2016. How do firms benefit from customer complaints?.Journal of Business Research,69(2), pp.944-955.

Mobile Windows Operating System †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Mobile Windows Operating System? Answer: Introduction In previous days the wireless communication technology were completely dominated with the service provision those are vertically integrated. This technology was extremely bounded along with voice as well as SMS (Short message services). These services are typically well organized within a range of monopolistic competitors such as within virtual mobile network operators and service providers. Through radical advancement in technologies currently numbers of smart phones are inventing. These have similar features like computers. In order to run the device extreme high speed processor, large memory, multitasking devices and multitasking communication hardware are also needed. Though, the device market is dominated by different technical platforms. This report demonstrates the important application, functional as well as operational feature of mobile windows operating system. Along with the details of mobile windows operating system it will also illustrate its history and advantages and disadvantages of the application. History of Mobile windows operation system Windows mobile operating system was referred to as one of the most compact mobile operating system that was developed by Microsoft. The traditional windows operating system was Windows Mobile 2003. It had external Bluetooth support, different image operations such as e-mail support, image cropping etc. On the other hand, for this windows edition there was a SMS replay option was also available. The next version was named as windows 2003 SE, basically for pocket PCs portrait and landscape switching option was there [4]. In addition to this, it had a protected wi fi access also. After this Microsoft developed windows mobile 5 operating system that holds GPS support including caller id, QWERTY keyboard support also. Windows 7 was the nest generation mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. The smart features include handwriting recognition and kernel improvement of Management. Due to the presence of multi core processor, the overall performance of the system also got increased. O ne of the latest operating system windows 8 is connected to cloud server. It provides huge storage and easy access to the users [3]. At the same time due to high range protection none of the unauthorized users are able to access information from the cloud server. During part 2 to 3 decades the working efficiency and the way of working in business organizations are changing dramatically. Due to the work place effectiveness currently windows 8 operating system is build, it is mainly used to serve the business purposes. Explanation of Mobile windows operation system Besides, incompatibility another issue that many people faced while using the windows vista operating system is the lesser processing speed. After the innovation windows 7 and windows 8 it has been found that the processing speed had increased rapidly. On the other hand, on the traditional system the response time was very weak [2]. The desktop response got increased after the invention of the windows 7 and windows8. Through, the latest version of windows operating system that is windows 10. The boot time is faster the any other operating system. The system is very much protected and due to this reason unauthorized users will not be able to access data from the cloud server. Compatibility is another advantage of the mobile windows operating system. Windows 7 and 8 can run almost all the office application efficiently. Windows 7 and 8.1 can run with a lower hardware arrangement [6]. Presence of at a glance taskbar and menu is another advantage of this operating system. Advantages and disadvantages of mobile windows operating system After analyzing the operational capabilities of the mobile windows operating system it has been found that many advantages and at the same time many disadvantages are also associated to it. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows: Advantages Disadvantages The person who is not an expert even just has used mobile phone once can use the system as the Mobile windows operating system provides readymade system solution to the users [2]. It does not provide any Bluetooth file transfer option to the users. In addition to this, the system does not have any mode of USB mass storage. Compatibility is another advantage of windows operating system. Microsoft office is very much compatible to this system whereas with other system the software and system are not compatible at all. While analyzing the disadvantages of the operating system it is found that the system does not have file manager [8]. It means that if wide ranges of file are storage then that could not be managed efficiently by the system. Different applications are connected to the system and regardless of the time and location the users can access the applications effectively. No multitasking facility is served by the mobile windows operating system. The presence of interface is another advantage of the mobile windows operating system [4]. For any popular wed design program the windows OS is referred to as the most easy one. Another main disadvantage of windows OS is it is too costly, the license cost ranges between $50.00 and $100.00. moreover the software cost is also very high and ranges up to $ 200.00 Almost each and every games are completely compatible to windows OS. Even it also supports certain CPU intensive and graphics intensive games. In compared to Linux, the security of windows OS is lesser and the rate of malware and virus attack ranges very high this OS. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that the mobile windows operating system is one of the most efficient system used mostly in the business organizations. However due to the usage complexity, Microsoft is trying to invent a user friendly operating system for the users. The history of the mobile windows operating system its working efficiency and wide rage usage in the workplace are also elaborated in this report. Apart from this, the report also illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile windows operating system. It is also defined that, in order to mitigate the current issue Microsoft is working on further innovation to develop an error free operating system that can be efficiently handled by the users. References Biswas, S., Bicket, J., Wong, E., Musaloiu-e, R., Bhartia, A. and Aguayo, D., August. Large-scale measurements of wireless network behavior. InACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review(Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 153-165). ACM. 2015, Bourouis, A., Feham, M., Hossain, M.A. and Zhang, L.,. An intelligent mobile based decision support system for retinal disease diagnosis.Decision Support Systems,59, pp.341-350. 2014 Chien, C.F., Lin, K.Y. and Yu, A.P.I.,. User-experience of tablet operating system: An experimental investigation of Windows 8, iOS 6, and Android 4.2.Computers Industrial Engineering,73, pp.75-84. 2014 Chien, C.F., Lin, K.Y. and Yu, A.P.I.,. User-experience of tablet operating system: An experimental investigation of Windows 8, iOS 6, and Android 4.2.Computers Industrial Engineering,73, pp.75-84. 2014 Gronli, T.M., Hansen, J., Ghinea, G. and Younas, M., , May. Mobile application platform heterogeneity: Android vs Windows Phone vs iOS vs Firefox OS. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), 2014 IEEE 28th International Conference on(pp. 635-641). IEEE. 2014 Lin, F.X., Wang, Z. and Zhong, L.,. K2: a mobile operating system for heterogeneous coherence domains.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,49(4), pp.285-300. 2014 Page, T. Skeuomorphism or flat design: future directions in mobile device User Interface (UI) design education.International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation,8(2), pp.130-142. ., 2014 Spirin, O.M. and Shevchuk, P.G. Comparative analysis of software technologies operating system windows 8 for learning the programming.Information Technologies and Learning Tools,40(2), pp.65-73. ., 2014 Yadav, V., Mandhan, R. and Yadav, H, September. MidoriCloud Based Windows Operating System. InNational Conference IAEISDISE(Vol. 12, No. 13)., 2014. Yasin, W., Ibrahim, H., Hamid, N.A.W.A. and Udzir, N.I., Windows web proxy caching simulation: A tool for simulating web proxy caching under windows operating systems.Journal of Computer Science,10(8), pp.1380-1388. 2014.

Kruger v Commonwealth for Australian Democracy-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKruger v Commonwealth for Australian Democracy. Answer: The case of Kruger v Commonwealth is also referred to as the stolen generation case in this case a challenge regarding the validity of legislation applicable in the north territory during the year 1918 to 1957 was rejected by the High Court which authorised purportedly the removal of aboriginal children from their families. The case took place in the high court of Australia and was presided over by Brennan CJ, Toohey, Dawson, Gaudron, Gummow and McHuge JJ. The challenge to the validity of 1980 ordnance was rejected by the majority of judges it was also provided that no implied right in relation to legal equality exist. It was found by the judges in this case that 1918 ordinance had a beneficial intention with no purpose of restricting religious practice all promoting genocide. It was also unanimously held by the High Court that no separate action with respect to the breach of any constitutional right existed[1]. For at least 40000 years the indigenous Australians resided in the Northern territory. When the territory came under the supervision of South Australia in the year 1863 the northern territory Aboriginals Act 1910 was passed by the government[2]. Through the provisions of this act chief Protector of aboriginals had been appointed as the legal guardian of all children whose parents were aboriginals[3]. The chief protector in addition was provided with the authority to send such children to aboriginal institution or a reserve. The legislation meant that children belonging to aboriginal parents would be removed from the custody only by an administrative order as compared to those children who belong to non aboriginal parents and could only be removed by an order of the court. Even after the control of the northern Territory has been transferred to the Federal government from South Australia the policy of removing indigenous children from the custody of their family continued. The powers of the Aboriginal Ordinance 1918 had been extended by bringing the aboriginal females under the chief protectors exclusive control. The churches operated most of the aboriginal institutions. From the year 1964 the circumstances in which the indigenous children could be removed from the custody of their parents became same which were applicable to non indigenous children however the condition of life which the indigenous people were subjected to place them at a greater risk of their children being removed from the custody because of destitution or neglect. As reported by 91% of the children which had been placed in Foster care were identified as indigenous. The bringing them home report was published by the human rights and equal opportunity commission in 1997 with respect to its enquiry into the separation of indigenous children from their families. Arrange of recommendations was made by the report which included involving charities and churches government apologies, paying the fami ly is monetary compensation and the requirement for the Federal government enact legal provisions in accordance with genocide convention[4]. In this case compensation was demanded by the plaintiff in relation to deprivation of Liberty and wrongful imprisonment. A claim made by seven plaintiffs namely was related to compensation for being removed from their families when they were child during the year 1925 and 1944. The claim made by the eight plaintiff was made as she was a mother whose daughter has been removed from her custody. The primary barrier which prevented the members of the stolen generation to make a claim was that removal which was done by the government has been authorised by the Aboriginal Ordinance 1918[5]. There were primarily five arguments which one made by the plaintiff stating that the aboriginals Ordinance 1918 was not valid act of the parliament. The plaintiff pleaded that the ordinance in French the doctrine of separation of power, the common law doctrine is provided legal equality was offended by the ordinance, the freedom of movement and Association was restricted by the ordinance, as the ordinance was related to the removal of children at constituted genocide and the removal of children from the custody of their parents resulted in restriction towards the exercise of free religion. In this case with respect to the argument related to separation of powers two propositions were included in the argument of the plaintiff. The two propositions were that detention and removal of people was exclusively a judicial power and the judicial power should not be exercised by a chapter 3 court. In the case of New South Wales v Commonwealth[6] which is also known as the Wheat case it was provided by the court that Federal judicial power is not allowed to be exercised by a court. It was provided by the judges that the constitution is structured is such a way which requires strict insulation with respect to judicial powers so that only a court which has been established under chapter III of the Constitution has been provided the power to exercise judicial powers related to Commonwealth. In the Wheat case the reasoning was for the taken from the case of water side workers Federation of Australia v J W Alexander Limited[7]. In this case it was held by the majority of the judges th at the power to bring conventions for offences in force awards and imposition of punishment and penalties were matters which come exclusively coming under the scope of judicial power. The doctrine of the boilermakers case was restored by the High Court as it held at only chapter III courts are eligible to exercise judicial powers and the only power which chapter III could exercise were judicial powers[8]. It had been held previously in the case of Attorney-General (Cth) v The Queen[9] that terrorism does not come under the part of that Federal judicial authority. The power in relation to the second proposition arise from the case of Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration[10]where it was held by the judges that detention of citizen which is involuntary in nature through the custody of the state is positive or panel in nature and under the given system of government is available only as an incident of particular judicial powers of punishing and adjudging criminal guilt. In the case with respect to this papers the argument related to the separation of power was rejected by all the judges however the opinion related to the rejection deferred among them. It was held by Brennan CJ, Dawson and McHugh JJ that the doctrine of separation of power was not applicable in relation to the authority to make laws for a territory falling under section 122 of the Australian constitution and does the judges did not proceed towards deciding that whether detention fall under the provisions of judicial power or not. It was held by Brennan CJ that as a territories were not a segment all the federal system which involved the distribution of powers between the state and the Commonwealth the doctrine of separation is not applicable. Dawson J and McHuge J together provided that section 122 provided the parliament the authority to enact quotes which were not Federal in nature and did not exceed Federal jurisdiction. It was doubted by Dawson J that the actions in relation to the case was rather than executive were of a judicial character. It was held by Toohey, Gaudron and Gummow JJ that the taking a way of indigenous children was not the use of judicial power and did not provide whether or not the doctrine of separation of powers is applicable. As provided by Toohey J that it was a very persuasive proposition that the doctrine of separation of powers applied to the territories however the question on that basis was not determined by the judge as judged by standards and values prevailing and those Times the purpose of the ordinance was welfare and thus it was neither the exercise of judicial power nor it was punative. Similarly the decision of Gaudron J was based on the finding that the authority with respect to the authorisation of detention in government custody was not under the provisions of exclusive judicial power. And finally it was held by Gummow J that the moment at which the detention was initiated it was necessary for a non punitive legitimate purpose and therefore does not fall under the provisions of judi cial power. The next question was related to the implied right with respect to legal equality. Remedies for short by the plaintiff which were consistent with the judgement of the dissenting judges in the case of Leeth v Commonwealth[11]. However, in the present case only Toohey Jconsidered that there was a right related to substantial equality. In order to support only procedural equality Gaudron J departed from her position. It was further provided by the court that even if common law grants Substantive equality, the parliament has the power to override is or else it would make the concurrent powers of the parliament less than the states. The claim related to the freedom of movement was not relied upon by expressed rights like the right to travel interstate for commercial purpose. It was decided by the court in this case as there was no right to vote vested in the people of the territory the right of freedom of movement did not exist. In addition it was provided by Gummow J that there was no su ch right and even if it existed the ordinance did not breach it. In relation to genocide it was held by the court that the ordinance did not authorise genocide as the parliament did not have the authority to authorise it. Section 116 of the constitution protects the freedom of religion in Australia. The challenge of the plaintiff in relation to the freedom of religion had been rejected by the court by stating that the laws which had been challenged did not have the intention to restrict any religious practices. The validity of the ordinance had been upheld by the high court in this case however it was provided by the court that only when the removal was in the best interest of the child can it be initiated. The judges provided that the case had been judged by the standard and values which prevailed during the period. The constitution provides a range of restriction on the law making powers of the parliament. One of the rime examples of such restrictions have been provided in section 116 of the constitution through which a parliament cannot make laws to restrict the exercise of a religion. The decision in the case however signified that the parliament can make laws against the constitution with respect to the situation which was prevailing when the law had been made. The case was a total violation of the constitution through the use of legal interpretation and techniques by the judges in order to support the law making powers of the parliament as all provisions had been interpreted against t he plaintiff deliberately. Further the court found a way in this case to deny their own reasoning made in previous cases to limit the rights of the plaintiff. The case was totally adjudged taking into account political considerations and the law making power of the parliament. The judges denoted through their judgement that the decision was based on social implications revealing at the time the law had been made. However the bias stance of the judges in this case towards the plaintiff denotes that the only intention of the court was to ensure parliamentary supremacy in law making. The attitude of the courts towards upholding a parliamentary enactment has been seen in various cases where although prima faice it appeared that the provisions of the constitution had been breached, the interpretation off those provisions was done in such a way as to intentionally accept the validity of the new legislations. The decision can be seen as a prominent limitation of the doctrine of separation of powers where the judiciary was not able to perform there fiction freely under the influence of the legislature. References "Aboriginals Ordinance No. 9 of 1918 (Cth)". Museum of Australian Democracy. Attorney-General (Cth) v The Queen[1957] UKPCHCA 1, (1957) 95CLR529 Australia a national overview: resource sheet. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. 2010. Retrieved29 May2011 Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration[1992] HCA 64, (1992) 176CLR1,High Court(Australia). Genocide Convention Act 1949(Cth). Kune, R."The Stolen Generations in Court: Explaining the Lack of Widespread Successful Litigation by Members of the Stolen Generations".(2011) 30 University of Tasmania Law Review 32. Leeth v Commonwealth[1992] HCA 29, (1992) 174CLR455,High Court(Australia). New South Wales v Commonwealth[1915] HCA 17,(1915) 20 CLR 54. R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia[1956] HCA 10, (1956) 94CLR254. The Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910(SA). Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia v J W Alexander Ltd[1918] HCA 56,(1918) 25 CLR 434