Battle of Berlin in World War II

The Battle of Berlin was a sustained and ultimately successful attack on the German city by the Allied forces of the Soviet Union from April 16 to May 2, 1945, during World War II. Armies Commanders Allies: Soviet Union Marshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Konstantin RokossovskyMarshal Ivan KonevGen. Vasily Chuikov2.5 million men Axis: Germany Gen. Gotthard HeinriciGen. Kurt von TippelskirchField Marshal Ferdinand Schà ¶rnerLt. Gen. Hellmuth ReymannGen. Helmuth WeidlingMaj. Gen. Erich Bà ¤renfà ¤nger766,750 men Background Having driven across Poland and into Germany, Soviet forces began planning for an offensive against Berlin. Though supported by American and British aircraft, the campaign would be entirely conducted by the Red Army on the ground. American Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower saw no reason to sustain losses for an objective that would ultimately fall into the Soviet occupation zone after the war. And Soviet leader Joseph Stalin may have been rushed to beat the rest of the Allies to Berlin so he could obtain German nuclear secrets, some historians believe. For the offensive, the Red Army massed Marshal Georgy Zhukovs 1st Belorussian Front to the east of Berlin with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovkys 2nd Belorussian Front to the north and Marshal Ivan Konevs 1st Ukrainian Front to the south. Opposing the Soviets was Gen. Gotthard Heinricis Army Group Vistula supported by Army Group Centre to the south. One of Germanys premier defensive generals, Heinrici elected not to defend along the Oder River and instead heavily fortified the Seelow Heights east of Berlin. This position was supported by successive lines of defenses extending back to the city as well as by inundating the Oders floodplain by opening reservoirs. Defense of the capital proper was tasked to Lt. Gen. Helmuth Reymann. Though their forces looked strong on paper, Heinrici and Reymanns divisions were badly depleted. The Attack Begins Moving forward on April 16, Zhukovs men assaulted the Seelow Heights. In one of the last major pitched battles of World War II in Europe, the Soviets captured the position after four days of fighting but sustained over 30,000 killed. To the south, Konevs command captured Forst and broke into open country south of Berlin. While part of Konevs forces swung north toward Berlin, another pressed west to unite with advancing American troops. These breakthroughs saw Soviet troops nearly envelop the German 9th Army. Pushing westward, the 1st Belorussian Front approached Berlin from the east and northeast. On April 21, its artillery began shelling the city. Encircling the City As Zhukov drove on the city, the 1st Ukrainian Front continued to make gains to the south. Driving back the northern part of the Army Group Center, Konev compelled that command to retreat toward Czechoslovakia. Pushing forward north of Juterbog on April 21, his troops passed south of Berlin. Both of these advances were supported by Rokossovsky to the north who was advancing against the northern part of Army Group Vistula. In Berlin, German leader Adolf Hitler began to despair and concluded that the war was lost. In an effort to rescue the situation, the 12th Army was ordered east on April 22 in the hope it could unite with the 9th Army. The Germans then intended for the combined force to aid in defending the city. The next day, Konevs front completed the encirclement of the 9th Army while also engaging the lead elements of the 12th. Unhappy with Reymanns performance, Hitler replaced him with Gen. Helmuth Weidling. On April 24, elements of Zhukov and Konevs fronts met west of Berlin completing the encirclement of the city. Consolidating this position, they began probing the citys defenses. While Rokossovsky continued to advance in the north, part of Konevs front met the American 1st Army at Torgau on April 25. Outside the City With Army Group Centre disengaging, Konev faced two separate German forces in the form of the 9th Army which was trapped around Halbe and the 12th Army which was attempting to break into Berlin. As the battle progressed, the 9th Army attempted to break out and was partially successful with around 25,000 men reaching the 12th Armys lines. On April 28/29, Heinrici was to be replaced by Gen. Kurt Student.  Until Student could arrive (he never did), command was given to Gen. Kurt von Tippelskirch. Attacking northeast, Gen. Walther Wencks 12th Army had some success before being halted 20 miles from the city at Lake Schwielow. Unable to advance and coming under attack, Wenck retreated toward the Elbe and U.S. forces. The Final Battle Within Berlin, Weidling possessed around 45,000 fighters composed of Wehrmacht, SS, Hitler Youth, and Volkssturm militia. The Volkssturm was made up of males aged 16 to 60 who were not previously signed up for military service. It was formed in the waning years of the war. Not only were the Germans vastly outnumbered, but they also were outmatched by training with many of their forces. Initial Soviet assaults on Berlin began on April 23, a day before the city was encircled. Striking from the southeast, they met heavy resistance but reached the Berlin S-Bahn railway near Teltow Canal by the following evening. On April 26, Lt. Gen. Vasily Chuikovs 8th Guards Army advanced from the south and attacked Tempelhof Airport. By the next day, Soviet forces were pushing into the city along multiple lines from the south, southeast, and north. Early on April 29, Soviet troops crossed Moltke Bridge and began attacks on the Interior Ministry. These were slowed by a lack of artillery support. After capturing Gestapo headquarters later that day, the Soviets pressed on to the Reichstag. Assaulting the iconic building the next day, they succeeded infamously hoisting a flag over it after hours of brutal fighting. A further two days were needed to completely clear the Germans from the building. Meeting with Hitler early on April 30, Weidling informed him that the defenders would soon run out of ammunition. Seeing no other option, Hitler authorized Weidling to attempt a breakout. Unwilling to leave the city and with the Soviets nearing, Hitler and Eva Braun, who were married on April 29, remained in the Fà ¼hrerbunker and then committed suicide later in the day. With Hitlers death, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz became president while Joseph Goebbels, who was in Berlin, became chancellor. On May 1, the citys remaining 10,000 defenders were forced into a shrinking area in the city center. Though Gen. Hans Krebs, Chief of the General Staff, opened surrender talks with Chuikov, he was prevented from coming to terms by Goebbels who wished to continue the fight. This ceased to be an issue later in the day when Goebbels committed suicide. Though the way was clear to surrender, Krebs elected to wait until the following morning so that a breakout could be attempted that night. Moving forward, the Germans sought to escape along three different routes. Only those who passed through the Tiergarten had success penetrating the Soviet lines, though few successfully reached American lines. Early on May 2, Soviet forces captured the Reich Chancellery. At 6 a.m., Weidling surrendered with his staff. Taken to Chuikov, he promptly ordered all remaining German forces in Berlin to surrender. Battle of Berlin Aftermath The Battle of Berlin effectively ended fighting on the Eastern Front and in Europe as a whole. With Hitlers death and complete military defeat, Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7. Taking possession of Berlin, the Soviets worked to restore services and distribute food to the citys inhabitants. These efforts at humanitarian aid were somewhat marred by some Soviet units that plundered the city and assaulted the populace. In the fighting for Berlin, the Soviets lost 81,116 killed/missing and 280,251 wounded. German casualties are a matter of debate with early Soviet estimates being as high as 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured. Civilian losses may have been as high as 125,000.

The Key to Successful Creative Essay Topics

The Key to Successful Creative Essay Topics So How About Creative Essay Topics? It's possible to order any sort of paper written by a professional writer on the internet platform and push your skills to be a strong writer yourself. Writing a good creative essay demands a great deal of skill, talent, and diligence. The biggest issue with writing a creative essay is that it's not a completely free writing exercise in which you discuss whatever comes to your mind. Polish your bit of writing to ensure it is perfect. Ask anyone who's into grammar great to look at your paper too. Academic papers cannot contain any signals of plagiarism. If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. No writer can write an ideal draft at the same time. Facts, Fiction and Creative Essay Topics Good creative essays give students an opportunity to express their opinion in a secure atmosphere. Think of the experience tha t you wish to write about. My focus is the way to earn money for a college student from home fast. There are a great deal of stressed out college students out there that are looking for. Things You Won't Like About Creative Essay Topics and Things You Will The most important idea can become your title too. So it's necessary to know that you're employing the appropriate words to deliver the message. Moreover, writing such papers can help you understand and sometimes resolve your feelings. A metaphor is a sort of analogy, therefore the similarities with creative writing are strong here. The History of Creative Essay Topics Refuted As soon as it is great in the event the topic gestates out of your own head, it's always alright to have a peek at a number of the sample thoughts and topics. After you have chosen the subject, make sure you have sufficient original ideas about the subject. You can't begin working before you decide on your topic. Selecting a topic is a vital issu e that partly estimates final success of the job. Any less is too weak and the thesis will be not able to stand alone. Naturally, you can select any topic, nobody could possibly know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. Thus, there's no preview about the goal of your study. Today, you can request professional aid and hire a specialist who's ready to enhance your draft, offer you higher excellent essay edit service, or even finish your creative essay for your benefit. For creative writing essays, you must find something more than merely a huge interest in your topic. Writing and essay prompts are a good learning tool that will help you concentrate on a specific subject or topic and practice writing on such topic utilizing good sentence structure and development. In fact, your capability to compose a well-structured article is something which gains more weight in conditions of evaluation. What is Actually Happening with Creative Essay Topics College application essay topics are a vital portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. There are different procedures to enhance your essay. There are other methods to improve essays. Therefore, you can choose whether to construct your essay's paragraphs around a story or pick some other writing platform that gives you the ability to expand on your creativity. Write an expository essay in which you explain the use of the 3 distinct narrators and their various stories. Use helpful strategies and hints on how best to compose a creative essay to earn your stories interesting and earn high grades. One of the very first lessons that each and every student has learned is the best way to compose a creative essay. If you're looking for college essay examples, here's a great one below. Creative writing essays are all about a distinctive genre that differs from other academic papers and demands a distinctive set of important skills to be successful. If you don't think that you have sufficient ideas about how to proceed with the essay, it's sensible to drop the topic straight out. Categories, essay topics could possibly be divided into. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. When you are attempting to write an intriguing essay, you will have to make sure find a creative topic to write about. Describe in a few of words what you're going to do in your paper. If you really need to compose a great creative essay that's going to impress others, then you have to be sure you're following the correct actions. From time to time, it's helpful to try to remember an event which happens regularly like a birthday party. For example, you could discuss a day at your favourite cafe or coffee shop.

The Impact Of Modern Technology On Our Lives - 1025 Words

Modern technology plays an important role in our lives like for work, school, and even play. Technology is used for entertainment, social, chatting, and finding answers. Entertainment consists of movie and T.V. apps, music apps, gaming consoles, and e-books. Entertainment use to be going out to theaters or a concert with friends, going outside to play games and reading a nice book that doesn’t have a battery. Socializing is any social media sites and chatting falls in the line of social medias. Social medias are used to keep up to date on upcoming events, birthdays, and family news. Technology makes it is easy to find answers to homework, personal and health issues. People use to have to go to the library to find answers for homework, finding answers to personal problems is supposed to be up to a counselor and doctors are supposed to diagnose a health problem not some website. Entertainment used to be getting dressed up and going out with friends to watch a new movie or go listen to a new band at a concert. Modern technology makes it easier to stay home in your pajamas to watch new movies or listen to a new band. Children and teenagers use to go outside to play games or go to a laser tag event but now they have gaming consoles to communicate and play with friends with. Now they are coming up with exergaming which is a game that peruses physical activity like the Wii gaming console. They say it promotes children to go outside to play but the child still stays inside theShow MoreRelatedModern Information Technology Impacts Our Everyday Lives1308 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Modern Technology on Everyday Lives A Changing World Over the past 20 years, the world as we know has changed drastically. We have moved from a world that was bound by wires and copper cabling to a world that offers any bit of information you want with the touch of a glass screen from a device that fits in your pockets. In this same period of time, shopping used to involve planning a trip to a brick and motor store and hope they had the product you were looking for, and at the priceRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1198 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is used on a daily basis to accomplish specific tasks or interests. Modern technology increases human capabilities and this technology has evolved with years. Technology simplifies life in so many ways and everyone defines technology in their own way. They’re new types of technology on the market, this technology simplifies our daily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technologyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s used in business, educationRead MoreModern Technology Is Simply An Advancement Of Old Technology,1231 Words   |  5 PagesModern technology is simply an advancement of old technology, the impact of technology in modern life is unmeasurable, we use technology in different ways and sometimes the way we implement various technologies ends up harming our lives or the society we leave in. What we call modern technology is technically not so new in most cases. For example, mobile phone technology has evolved with years, nowadays we use smartphones which have been an advancement of an ordinary mobile phone. Technology is appliedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Veldt 1249 Words   |  5 PagesWhen talking about the future of technology, one can only imagine what it will be down the road. The future of technology evokes many questions about the preservation of human existence, human advancement, and intelligence. The story of, The Veldt, shows us how modern technology can destroy a family. The story begins with the mother of the family, Lydia. She seems alarmed or confused about something. At first, this might lead you to believe Lydia has true individual characteristics. However, as youRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Modern World1547 Words   |  7 PagesImpact Of Technology In the Modern World Throughout the life, some influences have shaped people the way they live their lives today. Impact of a virtual connection, and go beyond the brain’s ability, is rising in an eyesight bling, which is a cause of socialization— brain’s ability to multitask and their consequences itself. The usage of the internet is creating conflict upon individuals that they have become modern in today’s world. In the essay â€Å"The Limit Of Friendship† by Maria Konnikova, whoRead MoreProgress Of Technology And Regression Of Childhood1221 Words   |  5 PagesProgress Of Technology And Regression Of Childhood â€Å"I fear the day that technology will surpass our human interaction. The world will have a generation of idiots.† (Albert Einstein). As predicted from one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century, Albert Einstein, the Internet has slowly entered our lives and rapidly took control of our minds. With the introduction of technology devices, such as smart phones and tablets, it seems some people have the necessity to spend their entire lives onlineRead More Civilization Essays1024 Words   |  5 Pagesopinion as I believe that today’s technological progress has made our lives more efficient and interesting, and thus more happy. Freud speaks in a time when the progress of technology had not started its rapid acceleration, and so the technology of his day did not have a large positive impact on the whole of society, compared to today’s world. Technology has changed many things in our lives, but has it made our lives any better? Technology does make people happier. Humans always want to upgrade theirRead MoreTechnology s Impact On Society1507 Words   |  7 Pagesalia Monsanto ENC1101-Swirsky Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Technology’s Impact on Society 21ST century technology has indubitably made life more convenient for us. This can be looked at in a positive or in a negative way. Technology has essentially taken over the world. Replacing almost everything in our homes, schools and communities. Modern Technology has brought tons of negative effects on society including depression, lack of social skills, obesity, poor sleep habits, stress, constant distractionsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Technology1411 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology and its Effects The term technology originated from the Greek word ‘technologia’. Technology refers to the use of machines and various tools that make our daily work lives simpler, easier and organized. The word also refers to the different tools, gadgets, and resources used by humans so as to help them control and adapt to their environment appropriately (Bridgman, 5}. Technology also refers to the knowledge of techniques and processes and is embedded mostly in machines used as factorsRead MoreSociety s Dependence On Technology1244 Words   |  5 Pages11- Period 1 2 October 2015 Society’s Dependency On Technology Today, technology is a ruling factor among our society. Technology is involved in every aspect of our lives. Our dependence on technology has been taken to a whole other level, we are now incredibly dependent on technology. We may be too dependent on technology, but our dependence does not necessarily impact us in negative ways. II. Some say the increasing need for technology, specifically social media, causes social isolation

Consumerism In The 1920s - 1528 Words

The Business Dictionary defines consumerism as the â€Å"continual expansion of one’s wants and needs for goods services† (2016). Despite consumerisms current negative connotation, according to Dictionary.com the term itself originated with a more positive economic connotation in the early 1940s on the basis that consumerism inspired growth (2016). This concept of continual desire for the â€Å"latest and greatest† first became popular in the 1920s. Americans were tired of the strict rationing of World War I and were ready to begin spending money again. As production rose in efficiency and capacity, thanks to improvements made during the war, there was plenty to be sold. â€Å"By the 1920s, America was a society in which many men and women could afford†¦show more content†¦Debt became standard across the country. Beder explains that mortgages and credit were so common that â€Å"over half the furniture, cars, and household appliances†¦ were bought using hire purchase,† this debt was taken on to help Americans maintain or increase their status within their society (230). As a result, anyone could purchase anything and everything on credit in the 1920s, eventually leading to a catastrophic failure of the economy, known as the Great Depression. The rise in advertisement played a key role in the rise of consumption. Thanks to well-developed advertisement campaigns, America redefined what a necessity is. Advertisers encouraged Americans to actively work towards maintaining a high social standing. â€Å"Advertisers made no secret of their intention to promote novelty for its own sake, in the hope that consumers would exchange perfectly serviceable goods for goods that conformed to the latest fashions† (Lasch, 2000). Consumers devoured this advertisement scheme and began to rapidly increase their spending. Many advertisements for common, household products made claim that they could make the normal appear comparable to the high end. For example, Lux, a soap company, ran an ad in 1920 that depicted two women talking - one of the women complemented on the other on the quantity of sweaters she owned, only to find out that it is not a new sweater, but rather her old sweater that Lux soap made it look brand new (Lux)! Men and women alike began to believeShow MoreRelatedUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291710 Words   |  7 Pages[introduction]Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century the United States began to dominate the world s economy. The US was a wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, and was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I (1914-1918), devastatingRead MoreUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291443 Words   |  6 PagesUrban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century United States began to dominate the world s economy. Wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I, devastating for the most of European countries, helped toRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between The 1920s And 1950s908 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1920’s were a very important era in America for better or worse. There were many issues in relation to race and how people of different ethnic groups were treated. African American had a cultural rejuvenation that being the Harlem Renaissance. The advent of the Ford Model T change the way how people traveled. Many may say an era like the 1950’s were highly comparable. Race related issues were on a decline as America as whole sought to be more accepting and the oppressed started to speak out onRead MoreThe Absolute Value Of America1555 Words   |  7 Pagespowers America. From the 1920s to the present day America has been driven by consumerism. Consumerism- in its simplest form- is defined as the buying and selling of products. When tracing the evolution of consumerism in America, one must explore many factors that led up to today’s consumerist culture; the economic ups and downs of the 1920s through the 1950s, the anti-consumerist movement in the 1960s, and people’s obsession with material items in modern society. The 1920s, also known as the â€Å"RoaringRead MoreThe Evils of Consumerism Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 1920s, the United States enjoyed a great economic growth, which enabled millions of Americans to spend larger amounts of money. Recently invented items, such as cars, also contributed to this dramatic rise of consumerism that occurred during this period. Advertising campaigns helped to fuel the demand for the newly invented items. However, many economists believe that this over indulgence and over spending were harbingers to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The consumerism in the 1920sRead MoreThe American Dream ( The Great Gatsby )1173 Words   |  5 PagesANSWERS TO THE QUIZ BEFORE STARTING SEMINAR *TURNS ON POWERPOINT TO THE TITLE Now everyone I want you to close your eyes and imagine what you think living in the 1920s would be like. *GOES ONTO THE NEXT SLIDE TO THE SOCIETY IN THE 1920s Now everyone open your eyes. What do you see here? *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE ACTUAL 1920S. Now what do you see here? *NEXT SLIDE. *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE AMERICAN DREAM (THE GREAT GATSBY). Did anyone notice anything that caused a change in societyRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesFitzgerald’s America is an accurate depiction to 1920s American Dream *HANDS OUT ANSWERS TO THE QUIZ BEFORE STARTING SEMINAR *TURNS ON POWERPOINT TO THE TITLE Now everyone I want you to close your eyes and imagine what you think living in the 1920s would be like. *GOES ONTO THE NEXT SLIDE TO THE SOCIETY IN THE 1920s Now everyone open your eyes. What do you see here? *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE ACTUAL 1920S. Now what do you see here? *NEXT SLIDE. *POINTS TO PICTURE LIVING IN THE AMERICANRead MoreThe Great Gatsby1327 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is too concerned with conveying a picture of 1920s American society to have relevance to modern readers. From what you have read of the novel so far and using relevant contextual information, give your response to the above view. The USA in the 1920s is remembered as the ‘Roaring Twenties’, an age of new life, of hedonism and opportunity following the horrors the Great War. The decade is synonymous with wealth, materialism and unprecedented freedom. F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1210 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered the 1920s as a transitional period that shifted Americans society from traditional values to a new era of modernization. During this time, the economy boomed, which made the 1920s one of the most prosperous era in the U.S. The Roaring twenties was associate as the era of consumerism, the prohibition and the disillusionment with the American dream. Many historians and Literature scholars recognized F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, as the iconic book of the 1920s. In the novelRead MoreHannah Hoch and James Rosenquist --Insiders and Outsiders of Consumerism and Gender 1551 Words   |  7 Pagesaccordingly the availability of consumer goods. And w ith the rise of the mass media, various products have been targeted on broad groups of consumers. Consumerism, which is propelled by a system of mass production and high levels of consumption, has been one of the themes in art works from twentieth century till now. In regard to consumerism and gender, I find two figures—Hannah Hoch and James Rosenquist--connected. Hoch once worked for a womens magazine of the huge Ullstein Press while Rosenquist

The Criticism of Jean Piagets Theories. free essay sample

The Criticism of Jean Piagets theories. While conducting intelligence tests on children, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget began to investigate how children think. According to Piaget, childrens thought processes change as they mature physically and interact with the world around them. Piaget believed children develop schema, or mental models, to represent the world. As children learn, they expand and modify their schema through the processes of assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the broadening of an existing schema to include new information. Accommodation is the modification of a schema as new information is incorporated. Criticism of the sensory motor Stage While most develop mentalists accept Piagets outline of cognitive growth in infants, there are questions about his measures of assessing their development. It is agreed that object permanence is developed as the child develops an understanding of the permanence of objects, and that uncovering a hidden toy is a demonstration of this, but it is felt that Piaget did not take into account the need for motivation in order for hildren to search, or the fact that very young infants may not have the knowledge of how to search. We will write a custom essay sample on The Criticism of Jean Piagets Theories. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kagans theory of object permanence is that 9 month old infants show an ability to search for hidden objects because they have had a growth in memory capacity, rather than because they have a new cognitive structure as stated by Piaget (Kagan, cited in Berger,1988). Other develop mentalists claim that Piagets description of sensor motor intelligence overemphasizes the motor aspects of cognitive development to the detriment of the sensory aspects. Piaget believed children showed intellectual development through their actions, but perception researchers believe that infants know more than they can physically demonstrate with limited motor actions. They have found that newborn infants try to look for sounds, grasp objects and respond to human faces, and believe that perceptual learning occurs, particularly aural, before birth. It is now accepted that Piaget may have underestimated early perceptual abilities and cognitive development during the first six months of life (Beger, 1988). Criticism of Preoperational Stage It is believed by develop mentalists that the three mountain task that Piaget asked three year old children to solve was too complex to test childrens ability to see someone elses perspective. It is now believed that young children can see someone elses point of view in a simple way. Similarly, the conservation tests may also have been too complex, and further research has indicated that if a conservation task was presented in a simplified, fun manner, children were able to understand the concept of it much more easily. Piaget was correct in that, while children are capable for howing some understanding of these concepts, it does take maturity and experience Criticism of Concrete Operational Stage It is felt that Piaget spent too much time explaining the typical child, and did not take into account the individual differences of children, or the differences caused by heredity, culture and education. It is felt that he put too much emphasis on the individuals internal search for knowledge, and not enough on external motivation and teachings (Berger, 1988). Piaget did little research on the emotional and personality development of children and possibly would have been more accurate to iew cognitive development as a gradual and continuous rather than having definite demarcation stages. Piagets information processing approach provides a good way of assessing intelligence and gathering information about memory development and other cognitive processes, but does not take into account the importance of creativity and social interaction (Paplia, Olds, and Feldman, 1998) Criticism of Formal Operation Thought It is believed that Piagets last stage of formal operations is not an accurate description of cognitive development. Nearly a half of adults do not attain the level of ormal operations, and not everyone appears to be capable of abstract reasoning. These people are possibly not cognitively immature, but have different aspects of mature thought not covered by Piaget. Formal logic as defined by Piaget consists of measures such as the pendulum problem and conservation of volume, which indicates that Piaget believes cognition, is bound by mathematics and scientific thinking. However, this form of formal logic is not as important in non-scientific fields such as the arts, history, social understanding and personal Judgment. It also does ot cover other aspects of mature intelligence such as practical problem solving, and acquired wisdom and experience (Paplia, Olds, and Feldman, 1998). Piagets description of overall cognitive events indicates that once a new stage of cognition has been achieved, individuals will reflect it in all areas of their lives. However, it has been shown that cognitive development may occur in some areas of thinking and not in others. A more accepted view of cognition development is that it is an uneven process, with children arriving at each new stage piece by piece as each new skill and ehavior is acquired (Berger, 1988).

Education Mathematics for TPACK Framework Teachers- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEducation Mathematics for TPACK Framework Teachers. Answer: Introduction The project objective is to create an understanding of teachers in relation to the illusion of linearity phenomenon. In addition, the study will analyze ways in which teachers TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) can be applied to assist students in overcoming the phenomenon. The description of Van (Wim Van Dooren, 2009)(Dooren, 2003) (Dooren, 2003) in their article originally written in 2003 indicates that by applying proper use of the TPACK framework teachers can change mathematics education whenever the linear thinking process is not applicable. Contextual Background The previous research has indicated that extensive attention spent by students in their proportional reasoning have given them a strong tendency to apply linear or proportional models in all situations. With this the students sometimes try to apply the models in situations where they are not applicable. This is what the phenomena referred to as illusion of linearity. For example, several students undertaking Geometry tend to believe that should the sides of a figure be doubled then the area will also double. In this study the empirical evidence for the phenomenon is expanded to reflect the probabilistic reasoning domain. The first step will be to highlight the notion of chance and give some justifications for expecting the overgeneralization in the probability domain. Thereafter, we will describe several well-known as well as less popular probabilistic misconceptions. This will prove that they all have a single remarkable common feature. That is, they all can be interpreted in terms. A teacher can apply the use of visual representation of the given geometric figure as a technique to overcome the challenge of illusion of linearity. To do this the teacher needs to have a prominent level of TRACK prior to the lesson. This concept indicates that the teachers integration skills result from mastering the pedagogical, content as well as technological knowledge. The above three elements normally do integrate to give several types of ICT integration: technological content knowledge, TPACK, pedagogical content knowledge and finally technological content knowledge. The teachers educators have enthusiastically accepted the notion of teachers ICT knowledge. This is because it possesses the ability to generate theoretical underpinning needed to define the competency of teachers in ICT integration. TPACK knowledge can be applied in two aspects. One is for teachers to avoid the creation of the above phenomenon and two to solve the illusion successfully in case it occurs. Research questions Against this backdrop, the thesis is designed to examine childrens misconceptions when it comes to applications of linear thinking in their daily analysis of situations. Moreover, it tries to evaluate ways through which the phenomenon can be overcome using TPACK. The educators preparation to assist in the situation will also be highlighted. The questions below have been formulated to guide the research in attaining the intended objectives. How do teachers working with the younger children negotiate this misconception? How can young children be taught to enable them to deviate from this misconceptions in advance? What are the avenues for teachers to improve their teaching without relying on the use of technology? What is the impact of introducing the technology on teachers in countering the misconceptions? How does the effect of illusion of linearity relate to class and gender? Where and in what ways do teachers perform agency? Is TPACK knowledge among the practitioners the source of the contributors of the problem? How effective will the test group be when compared to the traditional way of teaching group? What are the aspects of TPACK that teachers need to possess to teach geometrical figures in ways that can contribute to overcoming the misconceptions? The project will be conducted within the theoretical framework in a way that the child social relations cater for the Van Wims theory (De Bock, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2002). The students who grow applying the proportional linear expertise and are increasingly familiar with linear models may experience a significant disadvantage. The linearity illusion is a such a strong urge when it comes to relations in a way that the children easily yield to the desire to treat numerical relations in a way as if they were linear. Therefore, to deal with the illusion of linearity they suggested that practitioners should apply technology to represent geometrical figures visually. Teachers need to possess advanced knowledge of TPACK. The notion of using expert teachers as a source of knowledge was initiated by Shulman in 1986. He termed it pedagogical content knowledge and further stated that it could be differentiated from the practitioners pedagogical and content knowledge. The idea was furthered by Koehler and Mishra by adding technological skills to the already established pedagogical as well as content knowledge (Koehler, 2009). They suggested that TPACK is applicable in a comparable manner to represent the unique expertise in technology integration by the teachers. This resembles how the two made intelligent pedagogical applications of technology. In (Koehler, 2007) TPACK was originally named TPCK a term later altered to TPACK to make pronunciation easier. This also clearly emphasized on the integrated application of technology, pedagogy as well as content knowledge in the efficient technology integration (Thompson and Mishra,2007). Analysis The data analysis will be controlled by the nature of data to an extent. There will be two groups tested to test the theory. One group will be composed of a group of students tasked with learning about the volume and area of geometrical figures without applying technology nor the 3D representation of figures. The two groups will all be administered with a pre-test prior to classrooms interventions. Another test will then be taken by the groups after the intervention. The results will be analyzed using the t-test correlation and factor analysis. The focus will be to identify factors that govern all the aspects of geometrical training. The teachers who will be tasked with teaching the test groups will be tested to gauge their knowledge of the TPACK. References De Bock, D. V. (2002). Educational Studies in Mathematics. 50: 311. De Bock, D. V. (2002). Educational Studies in Mathematics . Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021205413749 Dooren, W. D. (2003). Educational Studies in Mathematics . Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025516816886 Koehler, M. J. (2009). What is technological pedagogical content knowledge Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education. 60-70. Leanna M. Archambault, J. H. (n.d.). Revisiting technological pedagogical content knowledge: Exploring the TPACK Framework . Wim Van Dooren, D. D. (2009). Students' Overuse of Proportionality on Missing-Value Problems: How Numbers May Change Solutions. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 187-211.

Cold Mountain Paper Essay Example For Students

Cold Mountain Paper Essay Inman has a negative view of the world around him. He expects for something much better but is disappointed in what he sees. As he looked across the dewy fields to try to appreciate nature, life, his place on Earth he is not given what he longs to see. Instead, as the rays of light reveal the scenery, he sees some asinine snake going from the roadway into the chickweed. This image of a snake could have been a positive image but the words described of the snake (sliding flabby and turdlike) suggests the negative attitude toward it, such that the snake looks like shit. Inman is also not appreciative of the species of trees. Here in the second paragraph they are described as trash trees. The trash trees are described as plared-off and disorganized-tangled. He also does not like the towns-really anything. Inman feels disgusted that he fought so hard as described from the piedmont to the sea to get this trash and lack of beauty. The place is described metaphorically as (foul and sorry had flowed downhill and pooled in the low spots). This adds to Inmans negative view of life. He believes that these places are only bad and have only to present the horrors and pains of life. The birds are also no exception. The cicadas are screaming everywhere. Their shrill, according to Inman, is like many pieces of jagged bone being twisted together. The scream not only affected Inmans wound but it seems to remind him of the war. It can represent those that have died (soldiers) and are nothing but dry bones now. The scream or shrill of the cicadas served as a lasting reminder of the faceless, nameless many lost during the war. Inman himself does not escape his view of life. Inman is not perfect as he desires the world around him to be and his wound at his neck is a direct example of that. Inman notices that the wound at his neck throbbed with the screams of the cicadas. This unified pulse of the bird shrills and his wounds imply that Inman himself is foul. Inman is part of the terrible, horrible, foul and sorry parts of life. Inman has done his own personal part of causing death and pain and the unified pulses and shrills remind him. As much as Inman wants to escape and see beauty of nature and life, he cannot. To some other person, the scene of him walking on the open road might have not been that bad. The excerpt says that at another time Inmans presence might have suggested freedom of a wandering man doing as he wished. The man is surrounded by the fruits of nature; red maples off to a side and other elements. The sunlight (golden) added to this seemingly picturesque scene. But to Inman, it was all different. It was the total opposite. Inman seems to be fed up with nature and does not yearn for the things that he used to read in that book he carries. The book describing the geography, species of plants, landmarks, and other things. Inman has suffered from too many wet and miserable nights and thus he has lost his appreciation. He virtually feels like the worst person on Earth when it is said Inman felt like Gods most marauded bantling. All these negative images and internal feelings of Inman seem to convey and foreshadow that more pain has yet to come. But along with these pains comes Inmans impatience. In the line that says A miry slough indeed, and he could take little more of it shows Inmans impatience for the war, land and life. If things continue as presently, Inman will break out from frustation. .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .postImageUrl , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:hover , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:visited , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:active { border:0!important; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:active , .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076 .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubad4d0ea3890ebce8e2de74b674a0076:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Describe the challenges that Human Resource Manage EssayThe screeching cicadas can also represent a warning of danger that has yet to come. Birds are commonly used to foreshadow danger. But the theme of birds is common. They seem to affect Inman in many ways. He wishes to fly away as a bird (fly away from the war) and yet there are so many signs of birds along his journey home.

See What IM Saying free essay sample

An example is when a deaf man was looking for apartments in his price range he had to use this video chat and the landlord just hung up on him when the interrupter asked the landlord if they have used one of these video chats. I could not believe it the landlord just hung up. Another example, it is hard enough for hearing people to make it in the acting world, so it must be even hard for deaf people and an African American deaf person too and Robert’s interview about his last interactions with his mom using an interpreter. There were tons of key moments that impacted me and once that just did not make a big dent. I already listed a few moments that had a negative effect on me. The International Sign Language Theatre Festival towards the end of the film was amazing. I wish I could have gone, there were different acts from around the world, different types of acts, and a great thought. We will write a custom essay sample on See What IM Saying or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was interesting to the different types of sign language across the world. It is similar to speaking, for example, certain countries have different type of language and that is the same with signing. Its inspirational characters and messages really made me think deeper into deaf culture. I wanted to learn more about deaf culture and more signing than just American Sign Language. The four many characters all touched my heart in different ways. Robert, the actor, no matter what challenges he faced he was still optimistic. TL, the singer, is a hard of hearing she struggles to be accepted by the deaf community since she is not a native sign language user and â€Å"passes† in the hearing world. She still continues to work hard and produce an album. Bob, the drummer, decides to follow his life’s passion, while in his late years. CJ, the actor/comedian, struggles to gain access in mainstream media. Even though he has been turned down my many possible jobs he decides to produce the first International Sign Language Theatre Festival. The drive that all four have is overwhelming to me. I believe the director was trying to â€Å"say† with this film is to get rid of any stereotyping with deaf people and culture. The director let imagery do the talking by showing different aspects of the deaf culture, such as creative, intelligent, and human beings who share the same dreams as everyone else. Another main concept is to hire more deaf actors, because they can act any role. To hire a deaf actor you do not need a storyline based on deaf, just the idea about including a deaf person. One of my favorite funny clips is when an attempting to sign with a deaf and hearing person, about the Beatles and the British Invasion ends up translating as â€Å"roach infestation†. I plan to tell all of my friends about this movie.

Democratic Eco-Humanism, Market Civilization Essays -

Democratic Eco-Humanism, Market Civilization In an effort to dramatize his neo-Polanyian critique of neo-liberal global capitalism, Stephen Gill questions the tenability of his own term market civilization, proposing it as oxymoronic in that a market civilization qua the neo-liberal order contradicts Gill's view of civilization qua democratic eco-humanism (i.e. representation, civility, social well-being and inclusion). In this formation, Gill's argument is essentially circular in its reliance on his own subjective standard of civilization, (democratic eco-humanism), to prove the uncivilized nature of the neo-liberal order. By adopting a more objective, (and necessarily more general), definition of civilization, we can disband with Gill's tautology, allowing us to embrace the term market civilization as a precise definition of neo-liberal global capitalism. In doing so, however, we merely adjust Gill's propensity for grandiose formulations; what remains is his well-reasoned explication of the inherent contradictions of neo-libe ralism, an explication that underscores the ways in which Anglo-American neo-liberalism departs from a certain aesthetic of civilization as democratic eco-humanism. Though he fails to prove the system uncivilized in the broad sense, Gill's arguments make a strong case for the rise of a Polanyian double movement that would address the critical excesses of the neo-liberal order. To understand Gill's claim about the oxymoronic nature of market civilization, one must understand the differences between the two relevant definitions of civilization. In Gill's words: civilization implies not only a pattern of society (def. 1) but also an active historical process that fosters a more humanized, literate and civil way of life, involving social well-being on a broad and inclusive basis (def. 2). (Gill, 422) Gill's claim regards only the second definition, a version of which the American Heritage Dictionary pictures as: An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development, progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.(American Heritage) Though Gill's version of civilization mirrors closely the story told by the dictionary, both claims about the parameters of civilization are so problematically subjective as to add little or nothing to Gill's analysis of neo-liberalism. The fallacy of both definitions of civilization is rooted in a subjective set of truth claims masked in an ethos of democratic eco-humanism that is as guilty of attempting to proclaim the end of history as neo-liberalism itself. The embedded nature of these claims makes them initially hard to penetrate; broader political participation, literacy, civility and wealth distribution all function in a sort of Hegelian determinism where humanity appears to be progressing towards ever-deeper understanding of civilization qua democratic eco-humanism. And yet this very determinism, though perhaps satisfying in that it situates Gill's rejection of neo-liberalism within a certain sociopolitical philosophical system, dissolves when outside Gill's limited context. In other words, what does Gill's definition allow us to make of past civilizations like the Romans, where a slave class existed, the Hebrews, where religious tolerance was subsumed under a telos of religiopolitical election, or the Mayan s, where the state sanctioned human sacrifice? To claim that these civilizations were mere stepping-stones to our more enlightened version of civilization is to refuse to treat their participants as self-conscious agents and to lapse into cultural chauvinism. Gill's subjective aesthetic of civilization is equally problematic if we turn our eyes in the other direction. What effect will artificial intelligence and the creation of cyborgs have on Gill's definition of democratic eco-humanism? Will these new beings be included in the franchise? Will the depletion of natural resources create a future civilization where it is more humane to denude the earth in order to save humans? Even with the neo-liberal straw man as a foil, Gill's idea of civilization rings hollow; after all, while one ideological pole would have us include plants as neo-sentient beings deserving representation in society, another would proclaim human dominion of the earth (a la Genesis 2) as the paradigm for rational human interaction with the planet. Where Thoreau might call a cabin in the wood civilized, Donald Trump sees a new apartment building. Though we can prefer one model to the other on a subjectively aesthetic basis, it seems artificial and indeed impossible to cr eate a salient line of progress that could possibly reconcile drastically different worldviews and material

A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa

A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were likely the Bakas- or pygmies. They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Bantu speakers originating in the Cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani- a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel- conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Arrival of the Europeans Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroons coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. From German Colony to League of Nation Mandates Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919, League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britains territory- a strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal population- was ruled from Lagos. Struggle for Independence In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of death from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. A One Party State Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen President of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. The Road to Multi-Party Democracy Ahidjo resigned as President in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1988 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997. His Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement (CPDM) party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature following 2002 elections- 149 deputies out of a total of 180. Source Public Domain material, US Department of State Background Notes.

Requisitos de la carta de solicitud de asilo en EE.UU.

Requisitos de la carta de solicitud de asilo en EE.UU. La carta de declaracià ³n personal del solicitante de asilo afirmativo ante el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) o del asilo defensivo en corte es una parte fundamental de la solicitud, ya que contribuye a demostrar que merece que se le reconozca en Estados Unidos la condicià ³n de asilado. En este artà ­culo se explica en quà © momento debe enviarse dicha carta y quà © elementos debe contener en su redaccià ³n.  ¿Cundo debe enviarse la carta de  declaracià ³n personal en la peticià ³n de asilo? Esta carta forma parte del paquete con el que se solicita al USCIS o a la corte que reconozca una situacià ³n de asilo. En otras palabras, es uno de los documentos que se envà ­an junto con la planilla I-589 y que inicia el proceso. Dicha planilla debe acompaà ±arse por una serie de documentos de apoyo, entre ellos, la  declaracià ³n personal del solicitante de asilo en forma de carta. Requisitos de la carta de declaracià ³n personal para solicitar  asilo en EE.UU. Esta carta se escribe habitualmente en una o varias pginas, las cuales se adjuntan a la planilla I-589  porque el espacio en esta no suele ser suficiente. Es fundamental que la carta resulte creà ­ble al oficial del USCIS o al juez de corte migratoria y para ello es necesario que la declaracià ³n que contiene sea consistente con todo lo que previamente se ha dicho o posteriormente se alegue. No debe haber discrepancias grandes, porque darà ­a pie a pensar que se est mintiendo y, por lo tanto, se negarà ­a la peticià ³n de asilo. Entre otros elementos, la carta de declaracià ³n debe contener una explicacià ³n de por quà © el solicitante de asilo ha dejado su paà ­s y por quà © tiene miedo de regresar.   Adems, debe incluir la redaccià ³n de incidentes sufridos por razà ³n de religià ³n, raza, nacionalidad, opinià ³n polà ­tica o pertenencia a un grupo social,  incluyendo todos los detalles que se recuerden. No es necesario especificar fechas exactas, pero sà ­, al menos, una cronologà ­a aproximada. Tambià ©n debe incluirse una descripcià ³n de situaciones de persecucià ³n sufridas por el mismo motivo por familiares o amigos. Finalmente, si el solicitante de asilo sospecha que su peticià ³n puede ser negada porque el gobierno puede creer que le aplica alguna de las prohibiciones legales para obtener dicho beneficio, deber incluir en esta carta una explicacià ³n de las razones por las que dicha prohibicià ³n no le aplica. Por ejemplo, es relativamente comà ºn que el gobierno niegue el asilo alegando que el solicitante se ha establecido previamente de manera fija en un tercer paà ­s. Si eso no es asà ­, deber aclararse este punto. Documentacià ³n de apoyo Una vez que se tiene la carta escrita debe buscarse otra documentacià ³n que sirva para corroborar razonablemente las condiciones que se describen sobre el paà ­s del que se huye y los hechos especà ­ficos que se alegan que le  han sucedido a la persona que pide el asilo.   Para ello pueden utilizarse recortes de perià ³dicos, declaraciones juradas de expertos y testigos, rà ©cords mà ©dicos o psicolà ³gicos, fotografà ­as que demuestren golpes, diarios personales, documentos oficiales como rà ©cords de detenciones, cualquier documento  con amenazas, carnets de pertenencia a un determinado partido polà ­tico,  declaraciones personales del solicitante de asilo en forma de carta, etc. En realidad, se puede presentar cualquier prueba que sirva para demostrar lo que se afirma en la carta de declaracià ³n personal, pero siempre tiene que ser pertinente y relevante.   Tener en cuenta que el gobierno de Estados Unidos es muy consciente de que determinados documentos del paà ­s de origen del solicitante de asilo no es posible obtenerlos. En estos casos es suficiente explicar que se ha intentado pero no ha sido posible. Lo que nunca debe hacerse es presentar documentacià ³n falsa. Idioma de la carta de declaracià ³n y documentos adicionales El solicitante de asilo puede escribir la carta de declaracià ³n en el idioma en que mejor pueda explicarse. La carta y todos los documentos que se adjunta en apoyo de la misma deben estar traducidos al inglà ©s, si es que estn redactados en otro idioma.   Para ello, no es necesario pagar los servicios de un traductor jurado, siendo suficiente que traduzca toda la documentacià ³n una persona con conocimientos fluidos de espaà ±ol e inglà ©s y que certifique la traduccià ³n adecuadamente. Adems, es recomendable no adjuntar ningà ºn documento oficial, como por ejemplo un carnet de identificacià ³n, una carta emitida por otro gobierno, etc. y sà ­ enviar en su lugar una copia legible del mismo. El dà ­a de la entrevista con el oficial del USCIS o de presentacià ³n en Corte migratoria se deben llevar esos documentos originales para que se puedan cotejar con las copias que previamente se enviaron. Si se envà ­an los originales lo que probablemente suceda es que nunca podrn recuperarse, de ahà ­ que se envà ­an solo fotocopias. La importancia vital de contar con un abogado migratorio para casos de asilo En los à ºltimos aà ±os ha habido un fuerte incremento de peticiones de asilo en Estados Unidos por parte de ciudadanos de Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mà ©xico y Venezuela, pero  la mayorà ­a de dichas peticiones son negadas, particularmente las que se intentan defender sin abogado. Por ejemplo, en el caso de asilo afirmativo, solo un 1,5% de los casos de mujeres y nià ±os centroamericanos que se presentan sin abogado a la entrevista de miedo creà ­ble logran aprobarla. Por otro lado, los abogados migratorios estn teniendo à ©xito presentando los casos en cortes receptivas. Por ejemplo, mientras que en Georgia se niegan un 90% de los casos, en Nueva York se aprueban el 75%.   Asimismo, los letrados estn siendo exitosos a la hora de convencer a un buen nà ºmero de jueces de que las amenazas y los daà ±os perpetrados contra mujeres y nià ±os por pandilleros encajan en los casos de persecucià ³n por pertenecer a un grupo social y, por lo tanto, ameritan la consideracià ³n de asilo. La presencia de un abogado en un caso de asilo es altamente recomendable desde el comienzo, contando con su asesoramiento en la redaccià ³n de la carta de declaracià ³n de peticià ³n de asilo ya que esta determina la razà ³n por la que se hace la solicitud y posteriormente no se puede cambiar su esencia ni contradecir su esencia. Si no se puede pagar a un abogado, se recomienda contactar con alguna organizacià ³n de apoyo legal a inmigrantes con buena reputacià ³n en la defensa de este tipo de casos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor

Definition and Examples of Therapeutic Metaphor Definition A therapeutic metaphor is a  metaphor (or figurative comparison) used by a therapist to assist a client in the process of personal transformation, healing, and growth. Joseph Campbell attributed the broad appeal of metaphor to its inherent ability to establish or recognize connections, especially those connections that exist between emotions and past events (​The Power of Myth, 1988). In the book Imagery and Verbal Process (1979), Allan Paivio metaphorically characterized a therapeutic metaphor as a solar eclipse that hides the object of study and at the same time reveals some of its most salient and interesting characteristics when viewed through the right telescope. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a MetaphorWhat Is a Metaphor? Examples and Observations Where description is the main function of a literary metaphor, altering, reinterpreting, and reframing are the main goals of the therapeutic metaphor. In order to achieve these, the therapeutic metaphor must evoke both the imagistic familiarity of the literary metaphor and a relational familiarity based on a sense of personal experience. The story itselfthe characters, events, and settingsmust speak to the common life experience of those listening, and it must do so in language that is familiar. An example from a modern fairy tale might be The Wizard of Oz (Baum, 1900), which functions as a metaphor for the common theme of searching for magical solutions somewhere outside the self. The image of a wicked witch, a good witch, a tinman, scarecrow, lion, and wizard all depict aspects of the listeners experience as mirrored in Dorothy.(Joyce C. Mills and R. J. Crowley, Therapeutic Metaphors for Children and the Child Within. Psychology Press, 2001) Extended Metaphors[T]herapists can corro borate the aptness of a metaphor [by helping to] construct a chain, to assist in weaving an elaborate web of correspondences that tease out additional ramifications and add new dimensions. Rather than presenting metaphors of their choosing, therapists can try to emphasize the raw material presented by clients, and, if possible, use the lead established by them to spin out further connections. In this fourth manner, they can exploit a natural aspect of language, lexico-semantic cohesion, as a strategy to densely layer semantic associations in jointly constructed extended metaphor.(Kathleen Ferrara, Therapeutic Ways With Words. Oxford University Press, 1994) The Power of Storytelling[T]he concept of therapeutic story-telling . . . [emphasizes] the power of metaphor to slip past the defences of the conscious mind.Such practitioners have little acquaintance with literary historyotherwise they would surely have recognized that their therapeutic metaphor amounts to little more than a relabelling of the time-honoured genres of allegory and fable. What is new is their highly individualised focus. Therapeutic stories, they maintain, must be constructed specifically to suit the emotional dynamics of individuals.(Hugh Crago, Bibliotherapy and Psychology. International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Hunt. Routledge, 2004)

Inequality for women in the workplace Research Paper

Inequality for women in the workplace - Research Paper Example 565) and yet just over thirty-years later, The Glass Ceiling Commission reported that equity was far from being achieved. The report noted that women continued to earn proportionately less than men for the same work or that there was a wage-gap, and that they made up only a very small fraction of the upper-level positions in U.S. Organizations (Russell, 1995, p. 8). Hence, where there are no visible or concrete (legal) barriers for advancement, the barriers are invisible or made of glass. The following will examine the barriers faced by women in the workplace, and this essay will try and make the transparent visible. It will be argued that inequality can only be explained by how the dominant class in society legitimates and perpetuates power, and how the distinction between gender and sex is important to understanding the actual barriers to equality. In order to arrive at understanding the invisible or glass barriers for women in the workplace, a brief overview of some of the legal o bstacles will first be presented. While it is true that many barriers remain for women in the workplace, it can also be held that the twentieth-century was marked by a significant amount of progress. At the turn of the twentieth century, many obstacles existed for women in the workforce. ... 154). However, as science progressed this form of legitimation proved untenable. Likewise, attitudes changed significantly, and access to higher education meant access to better positions in the workforce. As with progress in education, likewise with the the percentage of women in the workforce in the twentieth century. One of the main contributing causes for this change, are the two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) where women were needed to work in the place of men who were participating military action. For example, in 1900 only 5.6 % of all women worked outside of the home, and following the First World War this percentage rose to 23.6 % (Webb, 2010, pp. 1-2). During the era of the Great Depression after the stock market crash of 1929, there was a public sentiment that maintained that the few jobs that existed ought to be given to men, but again, the Second World War changed the workforce demographics again and between 1942 and 1945 over 6.5 million women entered the workforc e in the U.S. (Webb, 2010, p. 2). And, while attitudes were still negative about women in the workforce, there were many public campaigns that promoted it because of the necessity of the War. This had a significant impact on changing attitudes toward women in the workforce, and as with the period following the First World War, the period following the Second was marked by a higher percentage of women who remained employed outside of the home (Webb, 2010, p. 2). Along with the barrier's of access to education and the workforce, a number of legal or legislative changes improved egalitarian conditions in the twentieth-century. The right to vote for women largely came about through the lobbying and

UK Crime Rate Indicators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

UK Crime Rate Indicators - Essay Example The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The United Kingdom offers an open society where people of different ethnic origins and nationalities are living together and are contributing to the overall country's economic and social setup. The society itself including the government aims to provide an environment where conformity and balance among cultural and social values can be achieved. However, with economic and social challenges arising disparities and evil emerges. This is important to understand as the crimes in the country are soaring and the authorities attempt to tackle the staggering crime levels. The current paper will discuss the current crime situation in the country as presented by Home Office in its yearly statistical bulletin. The yearly bulletin derives its data and subsequent analysis from two resources that include firstly, reporting from police stations across the country and secondly from British Crime Survey. ... The current paper will look into these issues and finally draw conclusions with certain issues that should be incorporated to improve their quality and acceptance. The crime levels in the United Kingdom are considered to be at higher level as compared to other countries including United States, Australia, Middle East and few other European countries. The UK is listed among Ireland, Estonia, Denmark and Netherland which have crime victim rates at 30% higher than the European average. The survey carried out by Gallup Europe for UN crime prevention agency has marked the capital city of London as the "crime capital of Europe" with 32% of the resident admitting that they have been victim of 10 categories of offences ranging from assault to sexual harassment. Furthermore, the U.K. is estimated to have the highest burglary rate, hate crimes and risk of thefts from car compared to European counterparts (Guardian, 2007). But all this is presented differently by the government of the U.K and claims are made through its Crime Statistical Bulletin that crimes in the U.K. are reducing. Crime Statistical Bulletin is published every year which incorporates st atistics and analysis of crimes under different defined categories. Through this report the U.K.'s Home Office attempts to measure and analyse crime statistics in view of estimating crime trends and reviewing its achievement in lieu of crime reduction and its impact on the individuals and society as all. The bulletin draws its statistics from two resources which include reporting from police records and an independent British Crime Survey (Home Office, 2008). The police records consist of figures collected and reported by regional police stations. These consolidated records on monthly

SEE BELOW FOR INSTRUCTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SEE BELOW FOR INSTRUCTION - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the components of Betty Neuman’s theory and how they can be employed in the nursing practice Every system that deals with patients is an exceptional array instrument that responds to the environment. Ideally, the responses are covered in a structure that determines the relationship with the environment. Consequently, the theory assumes that there are stressors that have universal tendencies that have a potential of upsetting the stability of the patients. The theory also assumes that the line of defense should act as a caveat to environmental stressors (Meleis, 2011). Essentially, the assumption is that in the absence of a barrier enables the stressor to penetrate the line of defense effectively affecting the well-being of the patient. Every patient has the internal mechanisms that act as a resistance to any form of external aggression. It is essential that potential risks to patients are determined and appropriate measures taken to deal with the issues that may affect the stability of the clients. The theory also notes that clients in hospital environments constantly exchange energy with external surroundings. Moreover, the model intimates that there should be prioritization in terms of identifying the first line of action in so far as dealing with the stressors is concerned (Meleis, 2011). The treatments should be ranked as a consequence of making treatment effective. Neuman’s theory focuses on the extent to which an individual can interact and relate to the environment. Patients have a basic reaction to the environment, and the degree of response leads to the depletion of energy effectively leading to illness. The flexible line of defense is an important component that acts as a barrier to potential threats (Meleis, 2011). Stressors portend a number of negatives that may affect the stability of a patient. Prevention is critical in dealing with the stressors. The primary treatment is important and

American history between 1800 and 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American history between 1800 and 1877 - Essay Example Overview of the battle As discussed by Campbell the battle ensued with the Union and the Confederate taking sides on their meeting in Manassas, Virginia (109). With both sides planning to attack the other’s side, the armies were prepared for the toughest battle of the time. However, the plan aborted on the side of the Union, as the Confederates discovered the Union’s plan to attack the Confederate’s side; thus, a withdrawal to the north, in Washington. However, the army of the Confederate did not follow the Union’s troops. Young is clear to say that the confederate army was not well prepared to fight the Union, and their failure was more of automatic (178). This First Battle of Bull Run did not have a lasting significance in terms of military ability. Young is of the opinion that the battle was simply one that was keen to draw an army of amateurs, and led by amateurs (178). Campbell adds on to say that the 1861 Battle of Bull Run was one that was really hu miliating and the defeat of the 35000 men under General McDowell Irvin is one that is notable(108). In this case, it is justifiable to say that this historical moment is memorable in the history of the great nation. Campbell insists that the Bull Run was a dismay series of the Union’s loss in the battlefield under Lincoln administration (108). Implications of the 1861, 1st Battle of Bull Run The Battle- End of slavery and segregation Carlisle & Golson indicate that the Southern defeat in the Battle had a profound implication on the military history of USA, as well as the entire political arena (54). The defeat of the Confederation disrupted the conditions of coming up with a Civil Rights Movement in the 1860s and completely end the discrimination and segregation of persons in the United States of America (54). In as much the war led to the loss of a lot of lives, discrimination was still prevalent in the society, though the war was instrumental in the ban of slave trade and s lavery in USA. However, Carlisle& Golson argue that despite the fact that the war was short-lived, the society in America was slowly being reconstructed and that a new identity was beginning to unfold in America (54). No party was fighting for supremacy and control of territory and that amendments were made to improve the social landscape of the country (Carlisle & Golson 54). In this case, the Battle of Bull Run was instrumental in creating a civil war that would see to the rights of Americans adhered to, and the abolition of slave trade that had profound effects on the lives of the Americans. The Battle can then be described as the pillar of hope to the equality, justice and impartiality enjoyed by the American citizens. It is evident that the Confederate side won the 1861, Battle of Bull Run. However, it is of great importance to note the challenges facing the Confederate in the quest to succeed in the battle. It is evident that the troops were terribly disorganized in such a way that they could barely administer authority on pursuing the Yankees, who had earlier arrived in Washington by 22nd July (Haven 60). The First Manassas in the South cost the Union about 3000 casualties as opposed to the 1750 on the side of the Confederates (Haven 58). According to Haven, the outcome of the war rendered the persons of the north hold on to a false hope, and the southerners’ false hope of being the successful group (59). In real sense, the Union and

A Worn Path Eudora Welty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A Worn Path Eudora Welty - Research Paper Example The old woman’s eyesight is fast failing her but she had to make it to the hospital in the city for the sake of her grandson. Welty gave her work rich symbolic meanings in her attempt to pass her message to her readers. The title itself ‘A Worn Path’ is symbolic of the old woman’s sufferings and determination to have her grandson healed (Deakins 14). The woman must have made repeated journeys to the hospital without giving up on her hope that one day, her grandson would get well. In Phoenix, the writes captures the spirit of perseverance in desperation, the story presents the theme determination and courage through characterization of Phoenix. Nothing other than determination is what inspires the old frail woman to make repeated journeys to the city on foot to seek for a relief for her ailing grandson. Through the actions and treatment of Phoenix by other characters, the theme of courage becomes clear to readers. Eudora Welty has used different literary sty les in achieving her purpose in writing the story. This paper shall focus on her use of symbolism, characterization, and setting to develop the theme of courage in ‘A Worn Path’. Characterization There are several characters in the short story in whose reception and treatment of the old Phoenix portrays her resilient character traits. She is determined to ensure that she gets the medication for he ailing grandson. On her way to Natchez city, the old woman with a failing vision encounters a White Hunter, Black American children, a pedestrian in the city, attendant at the hospital, a nurse at the hospital, and her ailing grandson whom she has lefty back at home. Her courage is seen when she is determined to go through all the hurdles that are presented by nature on her path that passes through the jungle. Phoenix says on her way â€Å"out of my way you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons, and wild animals†¦.† (Welty para 3). When the old woman was trudgi ng through the path uphill, she pauses and looks backs and says â€Å"Up through the pines. Now down through the oak.† (Welty para 5). The woman’s journey is largely tormenting but she is courageous that she would eventually reach the city to get medication for her grandson. When the White Hunter tells her to stay home where there is safety for her frail figure, the old woman says that she must reach Natchez city. Her main goal is to get to the city undeterred by the thorny bushes, steeps, and creeks of the jungle. Her abilities to keep trudging despite her numerous challenges brings her fourth as a very determined old woman who would not bow down to anything other than achieving her desires. Phoenix resilience helps the author in building the theme of courage in the story (Wampler para 1). Phoenix is treated condescendingly by the White Hunter that picks her from a ditch where she fell into. Due to the fact that Christmas holiday was just looming, the White Hunter pre sumes that the old black woman was making such a long journey just to lay her eyes on Santa Claus. He tells Phoenix â€Å"I know you old colored people! Wouldn't miss going to town to see Santa Claus!† (Welty para 19). This statement insinuates some kind of racial bias. The White Hunter is presuming that old black people are such obsessed with Santa Claus to an extent that the woman would just make many miles of a perilous journey just to see Santa Claus. Even when the White Hunter points his gun at her, Phoenix seemed unperturbed by the threat of the gun. At the clinic from

Gaggaet Essay Example for Free

Gaggaet Essay Kuma Maka Msenge wewe Unafirwa wewe Kuma wewe Your mum’s pussy Your gay Sexual intercourse of gay Your pussy What kinds of swear words do you use in your own language? Korean English Sexual intercourse Reproductive Organs Idiotic Animalize Malay Babi Pig One of the rudest word in Malaysia Malaysia is a Muslim country and Islam is restricted to pork. The religion has food restrictions according to their own dietary laws, which is â€Å"Halaal† Swahili Msenge Wewe Gay One of the rudest word in Tanzania Homosexuality is not forgived in Tanzania. It’s new to their culture. It is also defined as man is using you. Have you ever spotted some differences between the swear language women and men use? Men tend to use the rudest one. Men use swear words more than women do. -? To establish a masculine identity or to express group solidarity. Men tend to use more swear words related to sexual intercourse and reproductive organs than women do. Men (1) You’re a pussy, dick, jerk, cunt (2) What/Why/How/When the fuck Women (1) You’re a bitch, ass, shit (2) What/Why/How/When the hell Men (1) Unafirwa (2) Pumbaru (silly) Women (1) Malaya wewe (your bitch) (2) Mshenzi (nasty attitude and behavior) Men often use swear words to show or express friendliness ; Women don’t. Hey what the fuck?! How the fuck did you get here? Come and have a bite you dickhead. Why do language learners often find it easy to remember swear words in English? The brain treats swear words differently than other words. From a scientific research, swearing is a motor activity with a strong emotional content. This is one reason that most people remember swear words four times better than they do other words. Swear words trigger emotion. Effects from Mass media Books Society Trend Slang Thank You

Resource Based And Market Based View Of Strategy

Resource Based And Market Based View Of Strategy Resource based view (RBV) of strategy concentrates in recognising and utilising the organizations resources. It is an important, essential and an inside out management concept that is useful in developing a successful strategy. The company evaluates the environment on the basis of available resources at its expense. Market based view (MBV) of strategy designs the company policies and strategy based on the trends and the nature of the industrys environment. It helps in selecting the market combination for the product, in which the company utilises its strategy. The strategy helps in designing the structure and strategy of the company based on the market analysis of the industry. Dells Strategy Dell had moved on from its prior resource based view of strategy to market based view of strategy, due to the hurdles faced after recession and from its market competitors like HP. Dell started outsourcing for its product manufacturing like Taiwans Foxconn Group and sales to stores like PC World, Wal-Mart and many more. The company started to restructure its strategy just as it lost the position as the worldwide market share leader in computer industry to HP. According to research firm IDC, HP had a worldwide PC market share of 19.3% for the quarter ending June 30 compared to Dells 16.1%. In 2005, Dell dominated the playing field with 18.2% market share compared to HPs 15.7%. (Can Dells Turnaround Strategy Keep HP at Bay, 2007). Dells success had been its customer approach, You tell us what you want and we will build it for you. That approach has worked well with corporate [information technology] people and professional users. But that is a cut-throat market since these people have a good knowledge of prices. Dell always had a hard time with the non-expert buyers. (Can Dells Turnaround Strategy Keep HP at Bay, 2007). Dell started to refashion the companys strategy to largely compete with its rival HP. With the change in the companys strategy challenges were faced, with its two pillars of business model supply chain efficiency and built to order product sales to its customer (Can Dells Turnaround Strategy Keep HP at Bay, 2007). Strategic Options Product Development Pursue Mid-Range Server Growth By 2001, Dell was the market leader in entry level servers, but had no presence in the mid-range server market. Pursuing this growth option could result in increased market share and higher profits due to the higher selling prices and markups of these units, but could be risky if technology suddenly changes. Increased post sale costs are also a concern, as server sales dont just stop upon delivery; they require continued service regarding reliability, serviceability, availability, and manageability. Pursue Associated Services Growth within the US, 2000 service revenues accounted for over 37% of $2 billion in total revenues. This business unit was becoming an increasingly important part of Dells portfolio with longevity, able to stand the test of time and market uncertainty, no matter what turn technology took. Market Stagnation While the market is recovering from recession, Dell should focus on its current market share. Once, the market is up and moving, Dell can start employing its strategies for achieving traction. Though, this option could prove risky and increase the gap between its competitors in the process. RECOMMENDATIONS IMPLEMENTATION Since, the market growth has stopped significantly compared to late 20th and early 21st century. The only improvements are required in the form of limited PC software/hardware upgrades until the state of the economy is revived. Thus, Dell needs to start investing in other areas like mass storage, servers and services in new markets. Dells ability to offer its products at minimal rates, would allow it to gain a competitive advantage against its rivals. Also, the customer service provided by Dell would aid the company in keeping hold of its customers. An expansion of the services group should also be pursued based on customer needs, which will vary around the globe. While, Dell continued to partner with third-party services firms, it should also bulk up on its own services capabilities so it can provide customers with more competitive broad services offerings. Dell needs to realize that it would have to expand its services capability significantly in order to be taken seriously in the industry (Breen, Bill, 2004, living in Dell Time. Fast Company). Dell should also consider its entry in new markets with its current products which have been left untapped such as Chin in Asia, Brazil and Argentina in South America. Being the first to enter these markets would allow dell mark it dominance. The company should study the trends and nature of the new markets in minute detail to gain complete advantage and increase its market share segment around the globe. Hence, Dell should need to consider a wide range of options, including the ones mentioned above and, plan and design its strategy in accordance to its resources. References: Wharton School of University of Pennsylvania, 2007, Can Dells Turnaround Strategy Keep HP at Bay viewed 10th April 2011 Breen, Bill, (2004), Living in Dell Time, media release, November 2004, Fast Company, viewed 12th April 2011, Bibliography Nanette Byrnes and Peter Burrows, Where Dell Went Wrong, Business Week, February 19, 2007, pp. 62-63 Stefan Stern, Dells Chief Kevin Rollins-My Part in His Downfall, Financial Times, Febru ­ary 6, 2007, p. 10. Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In Search of Excellence: Lessons from Americas Best-Run Companies (New York, NY: Warner Books, 1982). About Dell Ventures. 2004. Dell Computer Corporation. 30 Apr 2004. http://www.dell.com. Hill, Charles W. L., and Jones, Gareth R. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Pearson Publication, Exploring Corporate Strategy by Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington Answer 4) Dell is the worlds leading computer systems company. They design, build and customize products and services to satisfy a wide range of customer requirements. From the server, storage and Premier Services needs of the largest global corporations, to those of consumers at home. They do business directly with customers, one at a time, and believe. They do it better than anyone on the planet. We attribute Dells success within the computer industry to its unique, low-cost business model, direct sales approach and collaborative research and development. By focusing on leveraging its core competency in supply-chain management and low-cost manufacturing within mature technology segments, such as PCs, Dell has a proven strategy to disrupt traditional technology business models that rely on proprietary technology or multistage sales and distribution. A key part of Dells success stems from leveraging widely available industry technology within a low-cost manufacturing framework as a way of displacing the competition. All this was made possible because of the Vision of one man, Michael Dell. Michael Saul Dell (born February 23, 1965) is an American business magnate and the founder and chief executive officer of Dell Inc. He is one of the richest people in the world, ranked 44 with a net worth of US$14.6 billion in 2011. Michael Dell is considered a very accessible CEO and a role model for young executives because he had done what many of them were trying to do. He delegated authority to subordinates, believeing that the results came from tuning loose talented people who can be relied upon to do what they are supposed to do. He was a visionary leader!! Visionary leadership goes beyond charisma. Visionary leadership is the ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, attractive vision of the future for an organization or organizational unit that grows out of and improves upon the present. This vision is so energizing that it in effect jump-starts the future by calling forth the skills, talents, and resources to make it happen. A vision differs from other forms of direction setting in several ways: A vision has clear and compelling imagery that offers an innovative way to improve Vision taps peoples emotions and energy ( Leadership Team Management) Michael Dell had them both. The key properties of a vision seem to be inspirational possibilities that are value-centered, realizable, with superior imagery and articulation. A vision is likely to fail if it doesnt offer a view of the future that is clearly and demonstrably better for the organization and its members (Inspirational Approaches to Leadership, 2008). Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and reflect the uniqueness of the organization. People in the organization must also believe that the vision is attainable. Michael Dell has created a vision of a business that allows Dell Computer to sell and deliver a finished PC directly to a customer in fewer than eight days. The uniqueness of Michael Dells management style lies in its combination of reaching for the heights of perfection while burrowing down into every last data point. No rival has been able to imitate it. He believes that the status quo is never good enough and that once a problem is discovered, it must be dealt with quickly. He refuses to dwell on success, and instead focuses upon how improvements can be made. Excuses are not accepted. Being a hero at Dell means saving money and every employee is expected to focus on cost control. Michael Dell appears to embrace the following Fayol principles: Authority and Responsibility: Michael Dell exhibited his right to give orders and his power to exhort subordinates for obedience when he fired his top European managers because they didnt cut costs deeply enough. Unity of Direction: There is a singleness of purpose (continuous improvement and cost control) that makes possible a single plan of action to guide managers and workers in their use of organizational resources. Initiative: Initiative is required by employees, who are expected to identify ways to continuously improve upon the companys past accomplishments. Discipline: only highly disciplines employees are capable of overcoming the temptation to make excuses and consistently strive towards the achievement of corporate goals. Dell announced an aggressive global target of $62B in revenue by 2006, which meant the firm would need to make talent acquisition and development a global priority. At the same time, Dell wanted to continue to focus on cost effectiveness and operational efficiency. The companys cornerstone values and philosophy are expressed as five elements, which together comprise The Soul of Dell: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Dell Team à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Direct Relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global Citizenship à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Winning The company was at a point where it was asking its managers and leaders to lead differently than they ever have before. While reaching the aggressive numbers was essential, it was not enough. Instead, leaders were being called on to get to the numbers while engaging their people by offering inspiration and extraordinary leadership, integrating the Soul of Dell into their leadership styles (Kathleen Woodhouse, Michael Reidy; 2004). Below is the diagrammatic view of strategic decision making and leadership skill development at Dell. Image courtesy of : http://www.interactionassociates.com/sites/default/files/Dellcase.pdf Outcomes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prepared for greater leadership roles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expanded support network à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater insight into self and others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Development Plan For any organization to be successful, leadership and management style should get altered with the life cycle of the organization. The style should match the organizations phase. Figure below shows different leadership and delegation of authority styles with organizations life cycle. Image courtesy of : http://www.interactionassociates.com/sites/default/files/Dellcase.pdf Dells strategies were also very well matched with organizations internal and external environments. Five Forces Analysis The framework formed using Michael Porters Five Forces model helps the managers to analyse the competitive forces within an industry, which assists in identifying threats and opportunities to an organization within the industry to which it belongs. Rivalry among the established firms, substitute products, potential competitors, bargaining power of buyers and, bargaining power of suppliers are the Michael Porters Five Forces. Another force, which is referred very rarely, called the complementors. Following three of the five forces, which primarily affect the personal computer industry and Dell in particular, are discussed, proving the personal computer industrys unfavourable features. The Rivalry among established firms is the most dominant forces within the personal computer industry. Based on Dells Strategic group, the industry can be studied as a consolidated industry sector, due to the industrys nature of limited competition established by the leaders like Dell, Hewlett Packard and Gateway. As a reason of oligopoly nature of the industry, the stakes for rivalry are high, as a result of a particular companys actions or moves directly aimed at affecting its competitors. A primary example can be made of HPs action selling home computers for $500, as a result of which other manufactures like Dell were forced to offer similar low-end systems. This affected the profit of rival manufactures, as the customers started flocking to get their hands on the new low-end systems, rather than the mid-range computers priced at $1000 which were sold prior to that time. Additionally, the demand has been declining, as the customers were satisfied or the real urge to upgrade their computers. As a result of which, the intensity of rivals rose, compelling the manufactures to combat to maintain their share of the market and customers. Due to these factors and high exit barriers for large manufacturers the rivalry between the established organizations within the personal computer industry is very high. The second force is the bargaining power of the buyers, which is also high in this industry. The common masses may not have the ability to bargain at large with the computer manufactures. However, large buyers like corporations and, educational institutions have significant power, due to the simple reason of buying products in massive quantities, enabling them to influence the price of the products set by the manufacturers. Whether large or individual customers the cost for switching from one manufacturer to another are minimal. Since most of the systems are based upon Wintel standard design specifications. Lastly, the ease of configuring a system yourself by purchasing the necessary components directly from the hardware suppliers or from retail outlets allow the customers to back away from the manufacturers, threatening the industry as a whole. The last force is the power of the suppliers of the industry, that is the industry providing the computer components, is also high. The primary reason to account for this force to exist is, because of the limited substitutes to majority of the components, like microprocessors and operating systems. Moreover, the costs for switching between the suppliers are significant. It would also cause problems due to hardware and software incompatibilities. For instance, was a company to move from Intel to AMD processors, they would have to go to another supplier for their motherboards, which could ultimately cause other incompatibilities, forcing them to find yet other suppliers for other components. Another example is if a company decided to move from Windows to a variant of Linux. While the operating system itself is less expensive, it is much more difficult to find applications for Linux, there are many hardware components which do not have the drivers necessary to run upon Linux, and the le arning curve is quite steep for customers, which would force a manufacturer to invest in a larger customer support staff. This analysis provided a great deal of insightful and intriguing information into Dells success, both within the personal computer industry, as well as their other ventures into the consumer electronics and computer peripheral industries. Although extremely successful in its own right, this analysis proves that without their competition, Dell would most likely not have been so successful. Much of their success came from the fact that their rivals, namely HP/Compaq and Gateway pushed Dell to improve their customer service to differentiate themselves from the competition. Furthermore, due to significant price wars within the industry, Dell had to improve their manufacturing process, quickly adopting a just-in-type system, in order to keep their manufacturing costs low, allowing them to pursue a low-cost leadership strategy alongside their differentiation strategy. References:- Kathleen Woodhouse, Michael Reidy, Accelerating the Development of High Potentials: Strategic Leadership @Dell, 2004, viewed on 8th April 2011, Inspirational Approaches to Leadership, April 2008, viewed on 8th April 2011, Leadership and Team Management, Transactional, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership, viewed on 6th April 2011,